Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit?

$$\text{Hematocrit} = \frac{\text{Volume of RBCs}}{\text{Total Blood Volume}} \times 100\%$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the fibrous pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It anchors the heart to surrounding structures and prevents overstretching.

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with a hole in the interatrial septum due to incomplete closure of the foramen ovale. What is the most likely consequence of this defect?

Accepted Answer

Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood between the atria.

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches the blood vessel type with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries: allow exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues

Question 4

During fetal circulation, which structure allows blood to bypass the non-functional fetal lungs by connecting the pulmonary trunk to the aorta?

Accepted Answer

Ductus arteriosus

Question 5

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 6

A patient has a blockage in the right coronary artery. Which area of the heart is most likely to be affected first?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium and right ventricle

Question 7

Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle cells is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They are striated, branched, and connected by intercalated discs.

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why veins have valves, but arteries do not?

Accepted Answer

Veins operate under lower pressure and need valves to prevent backflow.

Question 9

A patient with a hematocrit of 60% is most likely experiencing which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Polycythemia

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Hematocrit} = \frac{	ext{Volume of RBCs}}{	ext{Total Blood Volume}} 	imes 100\%$$

Question 11

Which of the following is a function of albumin in blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Maintains tissue water balance and transports hormones

Question 12

A patient is found to have a build-up of fat deposits in the tunica intima of their arteries. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the path of blood flow through the adult systemic circulation?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle → aorta → body tissues → right atrium

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the conduction system of the heart?

Accepted Answer

The SA node sets the pace of the heart because it generates impulses the fastest.

Question 15

Which of the following is a correct sequence of structures that an electrical impulse travels through in the cardiac conduction system?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → bundle of His → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 16

Which of the following statements about fetal circulation is correct?

Accepted Answer

The ductus venosus allows most oxygenated blood from the placenta to bypass the fetal liver.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why capillaries are suited for exchange of gases and nutrients?

Accepted Answer

They consist of a single layer of endothelium and a basement membrane.

Question 18

A patient is found to have a deficiency in B lymphocytes. Which of the following would most likely be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Production of antibodies

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct order of blood flow starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of the cardiac (fibrous) skeleton?

Accepted Answer

It provides structural support and electrical insulation between the atria and ventricles.

Cardiovascular System: Structure and Function

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