Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells (hematocrit)?

$$\frac{\text{volume of red blood cells}}{\text{total blood volume}} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which layer of the heart wall is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient presents with a buildup of fat deposits in the tunica intima of their arteries, leading to narrowing and blockage. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Atherosclerosis

Question 3

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of deoxygenated blood in the adult pulmonary circulation?

Accepted Answer

Right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs

Question 4

Which structure in the fetal heart allows blood to move directly from the right atrium to the left atrium, bypassing the fetal lungs?

Accepted Answer

Foramen ovale

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cardiac fibrous skeleton?

Accepted Answer

Contracts to pump blood through the heart

Question 6

Which blood vessel type is responsible for the exchange of gases and nutrients between blood and tissues?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 7

A patient has a defect in the tricuspid valve. Which flow of blood is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Between right atrium and right ventricle

Question 8

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating the percentage of blood volume made up of red blood cells (hematocrit)?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{	ext{volume of red blood cells}}{	ext{total blood volume}} 	imes 100$$

Question 9

Which of the following statements about arteries is TRUE?

Accepted Answer

They carry blood away from the heart.

Question 10

Which type of white blood cell is most abundant and primarily responsible for engulfing and digesting bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 11

Which of the following is a correct sequence of blood flow through the coronary circulation?

Accepted Answer

Left ventricle → aorta → coronary arteries → arterioles → capillaries in myocardium → venules → cardiac veins → coronary sinus

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of albumin in plasma?

Accepted Answer

Helps control tissue water balance

Question 13

Which of the following conduction system cells is responsible for setting the pace of the heartbeat?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 14

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the pulmonary and systemic circulations?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary circulation carries deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the lungs.

Question 15

Which of the following is the correct order of layers in a typical blood vessel (excluding capillaries) from innermost to outermost?

Accepted Answer

Tunica intima → tunica media → tunica externa

Question 16

A newborn is diagnosed with a patent foramen ovale. What is the physiological consequence of this condition?

Accepted Answer

Blood flows abnormally between the right and left atria

Question 17

Which of the following is the main function of platelets in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Involved in clotting

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about the structure of capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They consist of a single layer of endothelium and a basement membrane.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct description of the function of the AV bundle (Bundle of His) in the heart's conduction system?

Accepted Answer

It electrically connects atria to ventricles.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating blood pH, given the concentration of hydrogen ions $$[H^+]$$?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{pH} = -\log_{10} [H^+]$$

Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Blood Composition

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