Q: Calculate the cardiac output for an individual with a heart rate of 80 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 65 mL/beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 80 \times 65 = 5,200\ \text{mL/min}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of capillaries in the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

They serve as the main site for exchange of nutrients, gases, and wastes between blood and tissues.

Question 2

A patient has a blood pressure reading of 150/95 mmHg. According to the study materials, which term best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Hypertension

Question 3

Which layer of the artery wall is primarily responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 4

Calculate the cardiac output for an individual with a heart rate of 80 beats/minute and a stroke volume of 65 mL/beat. Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 65 = 5,200\ 	ext{mL/min}$$

Question 5

Which of the following mechanisms does NOT aid in venous return to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Thick muscular walls of veins

Question 6

A blockage in which vessel would most directly reduce oxygen supply to the myocardium?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the cardiac conduction system is correct?

Accepted Answer

The SA node is known as the pacemaker of the heart.

Question 8

During which phase of the cardiac cycle are the AV valves open and the semilunar valves closed?

Accepted Answer

Atrial diastole and passive ventricular filling

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why the left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle?

Accepted Answer

It pumps blood to the entire body, requiring greater force.

Question 10

A patient is experiencing widespread vasodilation and a sudden drop in blood pressure after exposure to peanuts. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Anaphylaxis

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow through the heart and lungs?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the QRS complex on an electrocardiogram (ECG)?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 13

A patient with a persistent resting heart rate below 60 beats per minute is said to have which condition?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of increased sympathetic nervous system activity on the heart?

Accepted Answer

Increased heart rate and force of contraction

Question 15

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

$$BP = CO 	imes PR$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a typical cause of hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Massive histamine release (as in anaphylaxis)

Question 17

A patient is diagnosed with a myocardial infarction. Which of the following best describes what is happening in the heart?

Accepted Answer

A portion of the heart muscle is dying due to lack of oxygen.

Question 18

Which of the following is the main reason why capillary walls are only one cell thick?

Accepted Answer

To permit efficient exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why a pulse can only be felt in arteries and not in veins?

Accepted Answer

Arteries experience pressure waves from ventricular contraction.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a blockage in the AV node. Which of the following is the most likely effect on the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

The signal to the ventricles will be delayed, slowing ventricular contraction.

Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Pathophysiology

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