Q: A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is the cardiac output ($$CO) in $$liters per minute?

$$CO = HR \times SV = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min $$= 5.6 L/$$min

Q: Which formula is used to calculate ejection fraction ($$EF) of $$the heart?

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} \times 100$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the coronary circulation in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It supplies oxygenated blood to the cardiac muscle tissue, ensuring the heart receives nutrients and oxygen for contraction.

Question 2

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 3

A patient has a heart rate of 80 beats per minute and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is the cardiac output ($$CO) in $$liters per minute?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min $$= 5.6 L/$$min

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why the atria and ventricles do not contract at the same time?

Accepted Answer

The AV node delays the electrical signal, allowing the atria to contract and empty blood into the ventricles before ventricular contraction.

Question 5

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct description of the endocardium?

Accepted Answer

It is the innermost layer of the heart, lining the chambers and valves, and is composed of endothelial cells.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of baroreceptors in cardiovascular regulation?

Accepted Answer

They detect changes in blood pressure and send signals to the CNS to adjust heart rate and vessel diameter.

Question 8

Which of the following statements about arteries and veins is correct?

Accepted Answer

Arteries have thicker muscular walls than veins to withstand higher pressure.

Question 9

A patient’s ECG shows an abnormal QRS complex. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

Accepted Answer

A conduction block in the bundle branches, affecting ventricular depolarization.

Question 10

Which formula is used to calculate ejection fraction ($$EF) of $$the heart?

Accepted Answer

$$EF = \frac{SV}{EDV} 	imes 100$$

Question 11

Which of the following mechanisms helps veins return blood to the heart against gravity?

Accepted Answer

Contraction of skeletal muscles surrounding the veins, which compresses the veins and pushes blood toward the heart.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It reduces friction between the heart and surrounding tissues during contraction.

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems in regulating heart rate?

Accepted Answer

The sympathetic system increases heart rate by releasing norepinephrine, while the parasympathetic system decreases heart rate by releasing acetylcholine.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of capillaries?

Accepted Answer

They have thin walls composed of a single layer of endothelial cells to facilitate exchange of gases and nutrients.

Question 15

Which of the following would most likely increase cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

An increase in both heart rate ($$HR) $$and stroke volume ($$SV)$$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why cardiac muscle cells can contract independently of nervous stimulation?

Accepted Answer

They possess intrinsic pacemaker activity due to the SA node.

Question 17

Which of the following is the correct sequence of electrical conduction in the heart?

Accepted Answer

SA node → AV node → Bundle of His → Bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 18

Which of the following factors would most likely decrease stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

A decrease in venous return to the heart

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of the valves in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the backflow of blood and ensure unidirectional flow through the heart chambers.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

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