Q: A patient has a heart rate of 80 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output? Use the formula $$CO = HR \times SV.$$

$$CO = 80 \times 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 1

Which layer of the heart is primarily responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood throughout the body?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 2

A patient is diagnosed with cardiac tamponade. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of fluid in the pericardial cavity compressing the heart

Question 3

Which of the following correctly describes the flow of blood through the heart starting from the right atrium?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta

Question 4

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary vein

Question 5

During ventricular systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

AV valves closed, semilunar valves open

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of chordae tendineae?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the AV valves from inverting into the atria during ventricular contraction

Question 7

A patient has a heart rate of 80 bpm and a stroke volume of 70 mL. What is their cardiac output? Use the formula $$CO = HR 	imes SV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 80 	imes 70 = 5600 mL/$$min

Question 8

Which of the following is a function of the fibrous pericardium?

Accepted Answer

It anchors the heart in the thoracic cavity and prevents overfilling

Question 9

Which cardiac event is represented by the QRS complex on an ECG tracing?

Accepted Answer

Ventricular depolarization

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the difference between the pulmonary and systemic circuits?

Accepted Answer

Pulmonary circuit carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the heart; systemic circuit carries oxygenated blood to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

Question 11

Which structure initiates the electrical impulse that sets the pace for the heart's rhythm?

Accepted Answer

SA Node

Question 12

Which of the following would most likely increase stroke volume?

Accepted Answer

Increased end-diastolic volume (EDV)

Question 13

Which division of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for increasing heart rate during a 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Sympathetic

Question 14

A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL. What is their stroke volume (SV)? Use the formula $$SV = EDV - ESV.$$

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 120 - 50 = 70 mL$$

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the role of papillary muscles in the heart?

Accepted Answer

They contract to prevent AV valve prolapse during ventricular contraction

Question 16

Which of the following procedures is used to restore blood flow in blocked coronary arteries?

Accepted Answer

Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

Question 17

Which brain structure houses the cardiac centers that regulate heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Medulla oblongata

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of the parasympathetic nervous system on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

It decreases heart rate

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the cardiac conduction system?

Accepted Answer

The SA node is followed by the AV node, bundle of His, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers

Question 20

Which of the following is a correct definition of cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

The amount of blood pumped by each ventricle per minute

Cardiovascular System: Structure, Function, and Regulation

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