$$SV = EDV - ESV = 120\,\text{mL} - 50\,\text{mL} = 70\,\text{mL}$$

Question 1

Which of the following correctly describes the function of the pericardium in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It prevents overstretching of the heart and reduces friction during heartbeats.

Question 2

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs immediately after ventricular filling?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents cardiac output ($$CO) in $$terms of stroke volume ($$SV) $$and heart rate ($$HR$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 4

A patient has an end diastolic volume ($$EDV) of 120 mL $$and an end systolic volume ($$ESV) of 50 mL. $$What is their stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 120\,	ext{mL} - 50\,	ext{mL} = 70\,	ext{mL}$$

Question 5

Which of the following best explains the 0.1 second delay at the AV node during the intrinsic conduction pathway?

Accepted Answer

It allows the atria to complete contraction before the ventricles begin contracting.

Question 6

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 7

Which of the following is a key structural difference between cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells are connected by intercalated discs, allowing synchronized contraction.

Question 8

Which ion is primarily responsible for the plateau phase of the action potential in cardiac contractile cells?

Accepted Answer

Calcium ($$Ca^{2+})$$

Question 9

Which abnormality in an electrocardiogram (ECG) is characterized by rapid, irregular electrical activity and loss of coordinated contraction?

Accepted Answer

Fibrillation

Question 10

During ventricular ejection, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

Semilunar valves are open; AV valves are closed.

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of elastic arteries?

Accepted Answer

They act as pressure reservoirs, maintaining blood flow during ventricular diastole.

Question 12

Which type of capillary is most commonly found in the brain and is characterized by tight junctions and minimal permeability?

Accepted Answer

Continuous capillary

Question 13

Which equation correctly relates blood flow ($$F$$), blood pressure ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 14

Which factor is the most significant influence on peripheral resistance in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Blood vessel diameter

Question 15

Where in the circulatory system is the steepest drop in blood pressure observed?

Accepted Answer

Arterioles

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the relationship between cross-sectional area and velocity of blood flow?

Accepted Answer

As cross-sectional area increases, velocity of blood flow decreases.

Question 17

Which vessels have the highest relative cross-sectional area in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries

Question 18

At which end of the capillary is filtration predominant, and what pressure drives this process?

Accepted Answer

At the arterial end, driven by hydrostatic pressure.

Question 19

A patient is experiencing decreased venous return due to prolonged standing. Which mechanism would most effectively increase venous return?

Accepted Answer

Activation of the muscular pump through leg movement

Question 20

Which of the following is a homeostatic imbalance of heart rate characterized by abnormally slow heart rate?

Accepted Answer

Bradycardia

Cardiovascular System: The Heart and Blood Vessels – Study Guide

Study Guide - Practice Questions