Q: If a patient has an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 120\,\text{mL} - 50\,\text{mL} = 70\,\text{mL}$$

Question 1

Which of the following correctly describes the function of the pericardium in the heart?

Accepted Answer

It prevents overstretching of the heart and reduces friction during heartbeats.

Question 2

During the cardiac cycle, which event occurs immediately after ventricular filling and before ventricular ejection?

Accepted Answer

Isovolumetric contraction

Question 3

Which heart valve prevents backflow of blood from the left ventricle to the left atrium?

Accepted Answer

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Question 4

A patient presents with a heart block. Which component of the intrinsic conduction system is most likely impaired, causing a delay or interruption in the transmission of electrical impulses from the atria to the ventricles?

Accepted Answer

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = SV 	imes HR$$

Question 6

If a patient has an end diastolic volume (EDV) of 120 mL and an end systolic volume (ESV) of 50 mL, what is their stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 120\,	ext{mL} - 50\,	ext{mL} = 70\,	ext{mL}$$

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why the absolute refractory period in cardiac contractile cells is longer than in skeletal muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

The plateau phase caused by sustained influx of $$Ca^{2+}$$ ions prolongs depolarization.

Question 8

Which of the following is a key structural difference between veins and arteries?

Accepted Answer

Veins have thinner tunica media and larger lumens compared to arteries.

Question 9

Which type of artery is known as a 'pressure reservoir' and helps maintain blood flow during ventricular diastole?

Accepted Answer

Elastic artery

Question 10

Which of the following capillary types is most likely to be found in the liver and allows passage of large molecules and cells?

Accepted Answer

Sinusoidal capillaries

Question 11

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood flow ($$F$$), blood pressure ($$\Delta P$$), and resistance ($$R$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$F = \frac{\Delta P}{R}$$

Question 12

Which factor is the most significant influence on peripheral resistance in the circulatory system?

Accepted Answer

Blood vessel diameter

Question 13

A patient has a blood pressure reading of 120/80 mmHg. What is their pulse pressure?

Accepted Answer

$$Pulse\ Pressure = Systolic\ Pressure - Diastolic\ Pressure = 120\,	ext{mmHg} - 80\,	ext{mmHg} = 40\,	ext{mmHg}$$

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of vagal tone on heart rate?

Accepted Answer

It decreases heart rate by increasing parasympathetic stimulation via the vagus nerve.

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding capillary exchange and bulk flow?

Accepted Answer

Filtration is predominant at the arterial end due to higher hydrostatic pressure, while reabsorption is predominant at the venous end due to higher colloid osmotic pressure.

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why the velocity of blood flow is lowest in the capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries have the highest total cross-sectional area, slowing blood flow for efficient exchange.

Question 17

Which of the following is a real-life consequence of a malfunctioning aortic valve?

Accepted Answer

Blood may regurgitate into the left ventricle during diastole, leading to decreased cardiac efficiency and possible heart failure.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of vascular anastomoses?

Accepted Answer

They provide alternate pathways for blood flow in case of vessel blockage.

Question 19

A patient with junctional rhythm on their ECG is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

The SA node is nonfunctional, and the AV node is pacing the heart.

Cardiovascular System: The Heart and Blood Vessels – Study Guide

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