Question 1

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between bone and cartilage in terms of vascularization and nerve supply?

Accepted Answer

Bone is vascular and contains nerve fibers, whereas cartilage is avascular and devoid of nerve fibers.

Question 2

A patient suffers a knee injury that damages the meniscus. Which type of cartilage is most likely affected, and what property does this cartilage provide to the joint?

Accepted Answer

Fibrocartilage; provides tensile strength and absorbs compressive shock.

Question 3

Which equation best represents the relationship between bone density ($$D$$), calcium deposition ($$C_d$$), and calcium resorption ($$C_r) in $$healthy bone remodeling?

Accepted Answer

$$D = C_d - C_r$$

Question 4

During adolescence, long bones grow in length primarily through which process, and where does this occur?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plate.

Question 5

Which function of bone tissue is directly related to the hormone osteocalcin?

Accepted Answer

Hormone production.

Question 6

A 65-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following best explains the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Bone resorption outpaces bone formation, resulting in porous and fragile bones.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the microscopic structure of compact bone?

Accepted Answer

It contains osteons, which are elongated cylinders oriented parallel to the long axis of bone.

Question 8

Which bone classification includes bones that are primarily spongy bone with a covering layer of compact bone and have complicated shapes?

Accepted Answer

Irregular bones.

Question 9

Which process is responsible for the formation of most bones below the skull, and what is the initial model made of?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification; hyaline cartilage.

Question 10

A child with a vitamin D deficiency is likely to have impaired bone mineralization. Which equation best represents the effect of vitamin D ($$V_D) on $$calcium absorption ($$C_a) $$and bone mineralization ($$B_m$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$B_m = V_D 	imes C_a$$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why articular cartilage at the ends of long bones is composed of hyaline cartilage?

Accepted Answer

Hyaline cartilage provides firm support and pliability, allowing for smooth joint movement and resistance to compressive stress.

Question 12

Which cell type is responsible for bone resorption during remodeling, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; breaks down bone matrix.

Question 13

A fracture heals through several stages. Which stage involves the conversion of a fibrocartilaginous callus into trabecular bone?

Accepted Answer

Conversion to bony callus.

Question 14

Which equation best represents the rate of bone growth in width ($$G_w) as a $$function of osteoblast activity ($$O_b) $$and osteoclast activity ($$O_c) $$during appositional growth?

Accepted Answer

$$G_w = O_b - O_c$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a function of the perichondrium in cartilage tissue?

Accepted Answer

It provides a source of new chondroblasts for cartilage growth and repair.

Question 16

Which bone marking is described as an indentation at the edge of a structure?

Accepted Answer

Notch.

Question 17

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) regulates blood calcium levels by acting on which cells, and what is the result?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclasts; increases bone resorption and raises blood calcium.

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why the epiphyseal plate remains cartilaginous throughout childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

It allows for continued longitudinal growth of long bones until adulthood.

Question 19

Which of the following is true regarding the arrangement of collagen fibers in successive lamellae of an osteon?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers in successive lamellae run in opposite directions to resist twisting forces.

Cartilage and Bone Tissues: Structure, Types, and Functions

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