Question 1

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, ensuring that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes?

Accepted Answer

Interphase

Question 2

A pancreatic cell synthesizes a digestive enzyme for export. What is the correct sequence of organelles that the protein passes through from synthesis to exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Plasma membrane

Question 3

Which molecule carries the genetic instructions from the nucleus to the ribosome for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Question 4

In the process of translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome to be added to the growing polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 5

Which stage of protein synthesis involves copying a segment of DNA into mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 6

A mutation occurs in the gene coding for a digestive enzyme in a pancreas cell. Which process would be directly affected first?

Accepted Answer

Transcription in the nucleus

Question 7

If a cell's rough ER is damaged, which of the following would most likely be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins for export

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

It packages and modifies proteins for export.

Question 9

During translation, the sequence of bases in mRNA is read in groups of three called codons. If the mRNA sequence is AUG-GGC-UAA, what is the corresponding amino acid sequence? (Use the genetic code: AUG = Methionine, GGC = Glycine, UAA = Stop)

Accepted Answer

Methionine-Glycine-Stop

Question 10

Which equation best represents the process of DNA replication during the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

$DNA_{parent} \rightarrow DNA_{daughter} + DNA_{daughter}$

Question 11

A cell is observed to have a high number of vesicles budding off the rough ER. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Secretion of proteins

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT directly involved in the synthesis and export of a glycoprotein?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 13

If a cell fails to transcribe mRNA from DNA, which process will be immediately halted?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the relationship between transcription and translation?

Accepted Answer

Transcription produces mRNA, which is then used in translation to synthesize proteins.

Question 15

A scientist isolates a cell and finds that it contains a large amount of mRNA but very few proteins. Which process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 16

Which of the following steps occurs first in the synthesis of a secretory protein?

Accepted Answer

Transcription of DNA to mRNA in the nucleus

Question 17

A cell is unable to add sugar chains to its proteins. Which organelle is most likely malfunctioning?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 18

Which process is described by the equation $DNA \rightarrow mRNA$?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 19

Which process is described by the equation $mRNA \rightarrow Protein$?

Accepted Answer

Translation

Question 20

A cell is observed to have a defect in vesicle formation at the rough ER. Which of the following would most likely be affected?

Accepted Answer

Export of proteins to the Golgi apparatus

Cell Cycle and Protein Synthesis: Key Concepts for Anatomy & Physiology

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