Question 1

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what enzyme is primarily responsible for adding new nucleotides to the growing DNA strand?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication occurs during the S phase, and the enzyme responsible is DNA polymerase.

Question 2

Which of the following best describes the role of the centromere during mitosis?

Accepted Answer

The centromere is the region where spindle fibers attach to pull sister chromatids apart during anaphase.

Question 3

A cell is observed with chromosomes aligned at the cell's equator, and spindle fibers attached to centromeres. Which stage of mitosis is this cell in?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 4

Which of the following correctly matches the DNA triplet, mRNA codon, and tRNA anticodon for the amino acid proline?

Accepted Answer

DNA triplet: GCC, mRNA codon: CGG, tRNA anticodon: GCC

Question 5

Which process involves the conversion of the genetic code from DNA into a complementary mRNA sequence, and where does this process occur?

Accepted Answer

Transcription; nucleus

Question 6

If a DNA sequence is $5'-ATGCGT-3'$, what is the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

$5'-AUGCGU-3'$

Question 7

Which of the following statements about apoptosis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Apoptosis is programmed cell death that removes damaged or unnecessary cells.

Question 8

During translation, which molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the mRNA codon?

Accepted Answer

tRNA

Question 9

A mutation changes the DNA triplet from $GAA$ to $GAG$. If both code for the same amino acid, what is this phenomenon called?

Accepted Answer

Redundancy of the genetic code

Question 10

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the reformation of the nuclear envelope and the disappearance of spindle fibers?

Accepted Answer

Telophase

Question 11

What is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis, starting from DNA?

Accepted Answer

Replication → Transcription → Translation

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The RER provides a site for ribosomes to synthesize polypeptides and assists in protein folding.

Question 13

If a cell loses its ability to divide efficiently, which type of tissue is most likely affected?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and nerve tissue

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Transporting amino acids to the ribosome

Question 15

What is the role of the start codon $AUG$ in translation?

Accepted Answer

It codes for the amino acid methionine and initiates translation.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the process of autophagy?

Accepted Answer

Autophagy is the self-digestion of nonfunctional organelles and cytoplasmic debris by lysosomes.

Question 17

Which of the following is true regarding exons and introns in genes?

Accepted Answer

Exons are coding regions that are expressed as mRNA, while introns are noncoding regions removed during mRNA processing.

Question 18

A cell is observed undergoing cytokinesis. Which of the following events is most likely occurring?

Accepted Answer

A cleavage furrow is forming to separate the two daughter cells.

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why the genetic code is considered 'redundant'?

Accepted Answer

Multiple codons can code for the same amino acid.

Question 20

If a cell is in G0 phase, what does this indicate about its cell cycle activity?

Accepted Answer

The cell is permanently withdrawn from the cell cycle and does not divide.

Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Protein Synthesis: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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