Question 1

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by vigorous growth and metabolism, and is also the phase where cells that permanently cease dividing are found?

Accepted Answer

G\_1 phase

Question 2

During DNA replication, what is the function of DNA ligase?

Accepted Answer

Splices together short segments of the lagging strand

Question 3

Why is DNA replication described as 'semiconservative'?

Accepted Answer

Each new DNA molecule contains one old strand and one new strand

Question 4

Which event occurs during metaphase of mitosis?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes align at the cell's equator

Question 5

What is the primary mechanism by which normal cells stop dividing when they come into contact with other cells?

Accepted Answer

Contact inhibition

Question 6

Which protein complex is crucial for activating enzyme cascades that prepare a cell for division?

Accepted Answer

Cyclin-Cdk complex

Question 7

A gene is defined as:

Accepted Answer

A segment of DNA that holds the code for one polypeptide

Question 8

Which type of RNA carries amino acids to the ribosome during translation?

Accepted Answer

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Question 9

During transcription, what is the role of transcription factors?

Accepted Answer

They activate transcription by binding to the promoter and exposing the DNA segment

Question 10

If a DNA template strand has the sequence 5'-ATGCGT-3', what would be the corresponding mRNA sequence produced during transcription?

Accepted Answer

5'-UACGCA-3'

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of a codon?

Accepted Answer

A three-base sequence on mRNA that specifies a particular amino acid

Question 12

What is the significance of redundancy in the genetic code?

Accepted Answer

It helps protect against transcription errors by allowing some amino acids to be coded by more than one codon

Question 13

During translation, what is the role of the anticodon on tRNA?

Accepted Answer

It pairs with the complementary codon on mRNA to ensure the correct amino acid is added

Question 14

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the splitting of centromeres and the movement of sister chromatids to opposite poles?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 15

What is the primary difference between exons and introns in a gene?

Accepted Answer

Exons code for amino acids, while introns are noncoding segments

Question 16

Which process is responsible for removing noncoding segments from pre-mRNA before translation?

Accepted Answer

Splicing by spliceosomes

Question 17

What is the function of telomerase in cells?

Accepted Answer

It lengthens telomeres, allowing cells to divide more times

Question 18

Which of the following is a consequence of defective progerin protein in the nuclear lamina, as seen in progeria?

Accepted Answer

Unstable, abnormal nucleus leading to premature aging

Question 19

During the elongation phase of translation, what happens when the ribosome shifts down three bases of mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Both tRNA in the A site moves into the P site and tRNA in the P site moves into the E site

Question 20

Which theory of cell aging suggests that free radicals in mitochondria diminish energy production over time?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrial theory of aging

Cell Division and Protein Synthesis: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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