Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between diploid and haploid cells in humans?

Accepted Answer

Diploid cells have two copies of each chromosome, one from each parent, while haploid cells have only one copy of each chromosome.

Question 2

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the result in terms of chromatid number per chromosome?

Accepted Answer

During the S (Synthesis) phase, each chromosome goes from having one chromatid to two chromatids.

Question 3

A patient has a genetic disorder caused by a missing centromere on one chromosome. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Proper segregation of chromatids during mitosis and meiosis.

Question 4

Which of the following equations correctly represents the number of possible chromosome combinations in human gametes due to independent assortment?

Accepted Answer

$$2^{23}$$

Question 5

A researcher observes a cell with chromosomes aligned along the equatorial plane, each consisting of two sister chromatids. Which stage of mitosis is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why crossing over during meiosis increases genetic diversity?

Accepted Answer

It exchanges genetic material between homologous chromosomes, creating new allele combinations.

Question 7

If a human cell in G1 phase contains 46 chromosomes, how many chromatids will it contain after the S phase?

Accepted Answer

92 chromatids

Question 8

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 9

A mutation prevents the formation of the mitotic spindle. What is the most likely consequence for the cell?

Accepted Answer

Chromosomes will not be properly separated during cell division.

Question 10

Which of the following is a key difference between mitosis and meiosis in humans?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 11

A cell is observed to have chromosomes that have loosened up into chromatin and nuclear envelopes reforming around each set of chromosomes. Which phase is this?

Accepted Answer

Telophase

Question 12

Which protein complex is responsible for holding sister chromatids together until anaphase?

Accepted Answer

Cohesin

Question 13

In human females, meiosis results in the production of:

Accepted Answer

One large egg and three small polar bodies

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of histones in chromosome structure?

Accepted Answer

They provide structural support and help package DNA into chromatin.

Question 15

A cell is in metaphase I of meiosis. What is the arrangement of chromosomes at this stage?

Accepted Answer

Homologous chromosome pairs (tetrads) are aligned along the equatorial plane.

Question 16

If a cell fails the G2 checkpoint due to DNA damage, what is the most likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will pause the cycle to repair DNA before proceeding to mitosis.

Question 17

Which of the following events occurs during cytokinesis in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

The cytoplasm divides, resulting in two separate daughter cells.

Question 18

A geneticist is studying a male patient. Which chromosome is responsible for determining the male sex in humans?

Accepted Answer

Y chromosome

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why mitosis is important for wound healing?

Accepted Answer

It produces genetically identical cells to replace damaged or lost tissue.

Question 20

A cell with 46 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. How many chromosomes will each resulting gamete contain?

Accepted Answer

23 chromosomes

Cell Division: Mitosis and Meiosis – Structure and Function of Chromosomes

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