Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump ($$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase) in active transport?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports 3 $$Na^+$$ ions out of the cell and 2 $$K^+$$ ions into the cell against their concentration gradients using ATP.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst as water enters the cell.

Question 3

Which type of cell junction prevents the passage of substances between adjacent cells, forming a barrier in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 4

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Glucose symport with $$Na^+$$ using the $$Na^+$$ gradient established by $$Na^+/K^+$$ ATPase

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the osmotic pressure ($$	ext{OP}) of a $$solution?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{OP} = iMRT$$

Question 6

A patient receives an intravenous solution of 0.45% NaCl. Which term best describes this solution relative to the patient’s blood plasma?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the process of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The cell takes in specific molecules after they bind to receptors on the membrane.

Question 8

Which cell junction allows ions and small molecules to pass directly from one cell to another, facilitating electrical and metabolic coupling?

Accepted Answer

Gap junctions

Question 9

If a cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm, what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will shrink as water leaves the cell.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It requires ATP hydrolysis.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why $$Na^+$$ cannot easily cross the plasma membrane without a transport protein?

Accepted Answer

$$Na^+ is a $$charged ion and the lipid bilayer is hydrophobic.

Question 12

Which process is responsible for the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the role of desmosomes in tissues?

Accepted Answer

They anchor adjacent cells together, providing mechanical strength.

Question 14

A cell uses ATP to move calcium ions ($$Ca^{2+}) $$from the cytoplasm into the extracellular space, where the concentration of $$Ca^{2+} is $$already higher. What type of transport is this?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between simple diffusion and facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion requires a membrane protein, while simple diffusion does not.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the effect of a hypertonic intravenous solution on a patient’s red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink due to water loss.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about the movement of glucose into cells via the $$Na^+-$$glucose symporter?

Accepted Answer

Glucose moves against its concentration gradient using the energy stored in the $$Na^+$$ gradient.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of hemidesmosomes?

Accepted Answer

They anchor cells to the basement membrane.

Question 19

A patient is given a solution with an osmolarity of 400 mOsm/L. If normal plasma osmolarity is 300 mOsm/L, what type of solution is this and what effect will it have on cells?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; cells shrink.

Question 20

Which of the following is true regarding the difference between primary and secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses the energy from an ion gradient.

Cell Membranes, Transport Mechanisms, and Cell Junctions: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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