Q: Which equation correctly represents the calculation of osmolarity ($O$) in a solution?

$O = \frac{\text{moles of solute}}{\text{liters of solution}}$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier, regulating the movement of substances between the intracellular and extracellular environments.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypotonic compared to their intracellular fluid. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

Which type of cell junction prevents molecules from passing between adjacent cells, such as in the lining of the intestines?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 5

During osmosis, water moves across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of:

Accepted Answer

Low osmolarity to high osmolarity

Question 6

Which equation correctly represents the calculation of osmolarity ($O$) in a solution?

Accepted Answer

$O = \frac{	ext{moles of solute}}{	ext{liters of solution}}$

Question 7

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher solute concentration than its cytoplasm. What type of solution is this, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; the cell will shrink.

Question 8

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 9

The sodium-potassium pump ($Na^+/K^+$ ATPase) moves:

Accepted Answer

3 $Na^+$ ions out of the cell and 2 $K^+$ ions into the cell per ATP hydrolyzed

Question 10

Which cytoskeletal filament is responsible for forming the contractile ring during cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

Microfilaments

Question 11

Which organelle modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 12

Which phase of the cell cycle is characterized by DNA replication?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 13

During which stage of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The copying of DNA into mRNA in the nucleus.

Question 15

Which molecule acts as the template for translation during protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

mRNA

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 17

A cell is observed to have many lysosomes. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of cellular debris and foreign particles

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the difference between cilia and microvilli?

Accepted Answer

Cilia are involved in movement; microvilli increase surface area for absorption.

Question 19

Which of the following statements about the process of DNA replication is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication is semiconservative, producing two molecules each with one old and one new strand.

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why facilitated diffusion is considered a passive process?

Accepted Answer

It moves molecules down their concentration gradient without using cellular energy.

Cell Structure and Function: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

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