Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the phospholipid bilayer in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

It forms a selectively permeable barrier, allowing lipid-soluble substances to pass while restricting water-soluble substances.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to shrink. Which of the following best explains this observation?

Accepted Answer

The cell is in a hypertonic solution, so water leaves the cell by osmosis.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP through cellular respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypotonic relative to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

The cells will gain water and swell, possibly bursting.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the process of facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Movement of substances down their concentration gradient through membrane proteins, without ATP.

Question 6

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of cellular adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

Accepted Answer

They guide white blood cells to sites of injury or infection.

Question 8

A cell is observed to have an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis for export

Question 9

Which of the following best explains why cancer cells can continue to divide uncontrollably?

Accepted Answer

They have mutations in tumor suppressor genes and/or oncogenes.

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly represents the osmotic pressure ($$\Pi) $$generated by a solution, according to van't Hoff's law?

Accepted Answer

$$\Pi = iMRT$$

Question 11

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of impermeant solutes than inside the cell. Which direction will water move, and what is the process called?

Accepted Answer

Water will move out of the cell by osmosis.

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of the Golgi apparatus in a pancreatic cell that secretes digestive enzymes?

Accepted Answer

It packages and modifies proteins for secretion.

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of secondary active transport in human cells?

Accepted Answer

Glucose transport into intestinal cells using the Na$$^+$$ gradient established by the Na$$^+/K$^+$$ pump.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death that is a normal part of development.

Question 15

A scientist observes a cell with a large number of lysosomes. Which function is this cell most likely performing?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of engulfed bacteria or debris

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why neurons and muscle cells have unique shapes?

Accepted Answer

Their shapes are related to their specialized functions, such as conduction and contraction.

Question 17

Which of the following processes requires energy in the form of ATP?

Accepted Answer

Active transport of Na$$^+$$ and K$$^+$$ ions

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli in intestinal epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

They increase surface area for absorption.

Question 19

Which of the following is a key difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Pinocytosis engulfs liquids, while phagocytosis engulfs solid particles.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of ribosome production.

Cell Structure and Function: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

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