Question 1

Which statement best reflects the modern cell theory as expanded from its original formulation by Schleiden and Schwann?

Accepted Answer

All metabolic events occur within cells, and all cells arise from pre-existing cells.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with distinct apical and basolateral domains. Which function is most likely associated with the apical domain?

Accepted Answer

Protection, absorption, and secretion

Question 3

Which component of the plasma membrane increases its stability and is found interspersed among phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 4

A membrane protein hydrolyzes ATP to pump sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell. What type of transport is this?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 5

Which equation best describes the relationship between osmotic pressure ($\Pi$), solute concentration ($C$), gas constant ($R$), and temperature ($T$) in a cell?

Accepted Answer

$\Pi = CRT$

Question 6

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What will happen to its volume and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink because water leaves by osmosis.

Question 7

Which type of membrane protein is most likely to function as a receptor for signal transduction?

Accepted Answer

Integral transmembrane protein

Question 8

During exocytosis in a pancreatic cell, which organelle is primarily responsible for packaging secretory products into vesicles?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 9

Which cell junction forms an impermeable barrier encircling the cell, preventing passage of substances between adjacent cells?

Accepted Answer

Tight junction

Question 10

A mutation disrupts the function of channel proteins in a cell membrane. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion of ions

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Serving as identification tags for cell-cell recognition

Question 12

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by extending pseudopods around it. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a function of membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of DNA

Question 14

A cell in the intestine absorbs nutrients from the lumen using ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient. Which transport mechanism is being used?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 15

Which equation represents the net movement of molecules by diffusion, where $J$ is flux, $D$ is the diffusion coefficient, and $\frac{dC}{dx}$ is the concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

$J = -D \frac{dC}{dx}$

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why fluids in the cytoplasm help maintain cell shape?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic properties of fluids resist compression, supporting cell structure.

Question 17

A mutation prevents the formation of desmosomes in epithelial tissue. What is the most likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Cells will detach easily under mechanical stress.

Question 18

Which process allows large macromolecules to enter a cell by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Endocytosis

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of receptor-mediated endocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Uptake of LDL cholesterol by liver cells

Question 20

A cell is observed to have many vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane to release their contents. Which process is occurring, and what is its physiological significance?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis; secretion of hormones or enzymes

Cell Structure and Function: Foundations of Anatomy & Physiology

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