Question 1

Which of the following best explains why oil and water do not mix?

Accepted Answer

Oil molecules are nonpolar and lack charge, while water molecules are polar and attracted to charged or partially charged substances.

Question 2

Which of the following is a function of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 3

A triglyceride is formed by which type of chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

Dehydration synthesis, where three fatty acids are joined to glycerol by the removal of water.

Question 4

Which structural feature allows phospholipids to form bilayers in biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

They have both hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, making them amphipathic.

Question 5

A scientist is studying a membrane protein that spans the entire plasma membrane and is involved in transporting ions. This protein is best classified as:

Accepted Answer

An integral (transmembrane) protein.

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, packages, and ships proteins and lipids received from the endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 7

A patient is exposed to cyanide, which inhibits mitochondrial function. Which cellular process is most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Aerobic respiration and ATP production.

Question 8

Which cytoskeletal element is primarily responsible for resisting pulling forces and providing structural stability to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Intermediate filaments.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of lysosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They contain hydrolytic enzymes that digest macromolecules and old organelles at acidic pH.

Question 10

A cell is observed to have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of proteins for secretion or membrane insertion.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains the amphipathic nature of phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

They have a hydrophilic phosphate head and two hydrophobic fatty acid tails.

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct sequence of events for the synthesis and export of a protein from a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome → Rough ER → Golgi apparatus → Vesicle → Plasma membrane

Question 13

Which cytoskeletal element is most directly involved in the movement of cilia and flagella?

Accepted Answer

Microtubules.

Question 14

A cell is observed to have a large number of mitochondria. Which of the following is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

The cell has high energy demands, such as muscle or nerve cells.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of motor proteins such as kinesin and dynein?

Accepted Answer

They move organelles and vesicles along microtubules using ATP.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of the glycocalyx on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

It is a dense layer of proteins and sugars that protects the cell and is involved in cell recognition.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why cleaning agents with high pH can disrupt biological membranes?

Accepted Answer

Alkaline hydrolysis breaks the covalent bonds in phospholipid tails, turning them into free fatty acids.

Question 18

During aerobic respiration, which of the following equations best represents the net ATP yield from one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + 36-38\ ATP$

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct match between a cytoplasmic inclusion and its function?

Accepted Answer

Glycogen: storage of carbohydrates for energy.

Question 20

A mutation causes a cell to lack functional dynein proteins. Which process would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Movement of organelles toward the cell body along microtubules.

Lecture #2

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