Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between membranous and nonmembranous organelles in a typical human cell?

Accepted Answer

Membranous organelles are surrounded by a phospholipid bilayer, allowing compartmentalization of cellular activities, while nonmembranous organelles lack such a membrane.

Question 2

During protein synthesis, which organelle is primarily responsible for the initial translation of mRNA into a polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 3

A mutation affects the structure of the nuclear envelope, causing it to lose its double membrane. Which cellular process would be most directly impacted?

Accepted Answer

Compartmentalization and regulation of transcription within the nucleus

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of ribosomal RNA

Question 5

A cell is observed to have an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and secretion

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why the plasma membrane is crucial for cellular compartmentalization?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a barrier, separating the cell's internal environment from the external environment, enabling specialized functions within the cell.

Question 7

Which organelle contains its own DNA and is surrounded by a double membrane, with the inner membrane highly folded into cristae?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 8

What is the correct sequence of events in the synthesis and processing of a secreted protein?

Accepted Answer

Translation on ribosomes attached to rough ER → transport in vesicles to Golgi apparatus → modification and packaging → secretion via secretory vesicles

Question 9

Which of the following types of proteins are NOT processed through the ER/Golgi pathway?

Accepted Answer

Cytoskeletal proteins

Question 10

A scientist isolates a cell with a cytoplasm filled with large granules. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Storage of substances such as glycogen or secretory products

Question 11

Which of the following statements about chromatin and chromosomes is correct?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin is the uncoiled, loose form of DNA present when the cell is not dividing, while chromosomes are visible during cell division.

Question 12

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Structural support and trafficking within the cell

Question 13

A cell is unable to produce ribosomal RNA. Which structure within the nucleus is most likely defective?

Accepted Answer

Nucleolus

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries specific amino acids to the ribosome during translation.

Question 15

If a cell's microtubules are disrupted, which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Movement of chromosomes during cell division

Question 16

Which equation correctly represents the overall reaction for cellular respiration in mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6\ O_2$ ightarrow 6\ CO_2$ + 6\ H_2O + 	ext{ATP}$$

Question 17

Which of the following organelles is most directly involved in lipid synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

A patient has a genetic disorder affecting the function of lysosomal enzymes. Which cellular process is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion and breakdown of macromolecules

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why different cell types have unique anatomy and physiology?

Accepted Answer

Cells have the same organelles but make different proteins and have different organization of proteins and organelles.

Question 20

Which of the following is the correct relationship between a gene and a protein?

Accepted Answer

A gene is a segment of DNA that codes for a specific sequence of amino acids, which fold into a unique protein.

Cell Structure and Function II: Cell Compartmentalization

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