Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the net movement of water during osmosis?

$\\Delta \\Psi = \\Psi_s + \\Psi_p$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of the plasma membrane in a typical human cell?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selective barrier, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which type of solution was the cell placed in, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic solution; water moves into the cell by osmosis.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains the difference between primary and secondary active transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport relies on the energy stored in an ion gradient.

Question 4

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembly of ribosomal subunits?

Accepted Answer

Nucleolus

Question 5

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur, and what is the significance of this event?

Accepted Answer

S phase; it ensures that each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes.

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder affecting the function of lysosomes. Which cellular process is most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches them to the coded mRNA message.

Question 8

Which of the following equations correctly represents the net movement of water during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

$\Delta \Psi = \Psi_s + \Psi_p$

Question 9

A cell is observed to have an extensive network of microtubules, which are disrupted by a specific toxin. Which cellular process is most likely to be directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Chromosome separation during mitosis

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the relationship among chromatin, chromosomes, and sister chromatids?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes, and each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids after DNA replication.

Question 11

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 12

A scientist is studying the movement of glucose into a cell against its concentration gradient. Which transport mechanism is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Secondary active transport

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template

Question 14

During mitosis, which event distinguishes anaphase from other stages?

Accepted Answer

Sister chromatids are separated and pulled toward opposite poles.

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why the fluid mosaic model is used to describe the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

The membrane is a dynamic structure with proteins and lipids moving laterally within a flexible bilayer.

Question 16

A mutation causes a cell to lack functional centrioles. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Formation of the mitotic spindle during cell division

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the role of the endoplasmic reticulum in protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

The rough ER provides a site for ribosomes to synthesize proteins that are destined for secretion or membrane insertion.

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the cell cycle?

Accepted Answer

G1 → S → G2 → M

Question 19

Which of the following best explains the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis divides the nucleus, while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm.

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize proteins by translating mRNA sequences.

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