Question 1

Which of the following statements best summarizes the main principle of the cell theory as established by Schwann, Schleiden, and Virchow?

Accepted Answer

All living things are made of cells, and all cells arise from preexisting cells.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with no membrane-bound nucleus, circular DNA, and ribosomes but no other organelles. Which type of cell is being observed?

Accepted Answer

Prokaryotic cell

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for packaging and shipping proteins and is especially active in cells that secrete hormones?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell, and why?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and possibly lyse because water moves into the cell by osmosis.

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in active transport?

Accepted Answer

It moves sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell against their concentration gradients, using ATP.

Question 6

Which structure is found in plant cells but not in animal cells, and what is its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Cell wall; provides structural support and protection

Question 7

A cell is observed to have a large central vacuole, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Which process is most likely to occur in this cell?

Accepted Answer

Photosynthesis

Question 8

Which of the following best explains why cells are generally small in size?

Accepted Answer

A high surface area-to-volume ratio allows efficient exchange of materials with the environment.

Question 9

Which of the following is a function of the cytoskeleton in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Provides mechanical support and helps move organelles within the cell.

Question 10

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder that affects the structure of microtubules. Which cellular processes are most likely to be impaired?

Accepted Answer

Cell division and movement of cilia/flagella

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

A dynamic lipid bilayer with embedded proteins that can move laterally

Question 12

Which process requires energy input from the cell and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 13

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium by surrounding it with its plasma membrane, forming a vesicle. What is this process called?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria and chloroplasts are considered to have originated from symbiotic bacteria?

Accepted Answer

They have their own DNA and double membranes, supporting the endosymbiotic theory.

Question 15

Which of the following is true about facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It uses specific transport proteins to move substances down their concentration gradient without energy input.

Question 16

A cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. Using the concept of osmosis, what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will leave the cell, causing it to shrink.

Question 17

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes and is responsible for breaking down old cell parts and invading pathogens?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of glycoproteins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They help identify cell type and facilitate cell recognition.

Question 19

During exocytosis, which of the following events occurs?

Accepted Answer

A vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents outside the cell.

Question 20

Which of the following equations correctly represents the surface area-to-volume ratio for a cube-shaped cell with side length $$l$$?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{6l^2$}{l^3$}$$

Cell Structure and Function: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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