Question 1

Which of the following best describes the primary function of the plasma membrane in a typical human cell?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a selectively permeable barrier controlling the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic compared to their intracellular fluid. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink as water moves out of the cell into the extracellular fluid.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

Facilitated diffusion differs from simple diffusion in that:

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion uses transmembrane proteins to transport molecules that are too large or polar to cross the membrane unaided.

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship between osmotic pressure ($\Pi$), molarity ($M$), gas constant ($R$), and temperature ($T$) for a solution?

Accepted Answer

$\Pi = MRT$

Question 6

During primary active transport, such as the Na$^+$-K$^+$ pump, how many sodium ions are moved out of the cell for each ATP molecule hydrolyzed?

Accepted Answer

3

Question 7

Which cell junction type is most important for preventing molecules from passing between adjacent cells in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 8

A mutation causes a cell to lack functional ribosomes. Which process will be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the nucleus in a typical cell?

Accepted Answer

It contains the genetic blueprint for protein synthesis and cell function.

Question 10

Which process requires cellular energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 11

A cell is placed in a solution with lower osmolality than its cytoplasm. What is the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

Water will move into the cell, causing it to swell and possibly lyse.

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing ATP

Question 13

Which type of endocytosis is most specialized for the uptake of specific molecules, such as hormones or nutrients, via cell surface receptors?

Accepted Answer

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 14

Which of the following best explains why muscle cells contain many mitochondria?

Accepted Answer

They require large amounts of ATP for contraction.

Question 15

Which of the following statements about cell metabolism and homeostasis is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cell metabolism maintains homeostasis by regulating energy production and usage.

Question 16

During mitosis, which phase is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equatorial plane?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli on intestinal epithelial cells?

Accepted Answer

They increase surface area for absorption.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of symporters in secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

They transport two different substances in the same direction across the membrane.

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis from DNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

Replication → Transcription → Translation

Question 20

A cell is observed to have multiple nuclei. Which cell type is most likely being observed?

Accepted Answer

Skeletal muscle cell

Cell Structure and Function: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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