Q: Which equation correctly represents the relationship between osmolarity, solute concentration, and water concentration?

$$Osmolarity = \frac{\text{Number of solute particles}}{\text{Volume of solvent}}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a flexible boundary that selectively controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the most likely outcome for the cell?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink as water leaves the cell, a process called crenation.

Question 3

Which component of the plasma membrane increases its stability and is present at about 20% of the membrane lipids?

Accepted Answer

Cholesterol

Question 4

Which type of membrane protein is most likely to function as a channel for ions to pass through the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Integral proteins

Question 5

A patient receives an intravenous solution that is hypotonic compared to their blood plasma. What physiological effect might this have on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells will swell and may burst due to water influx.

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why oxygen and carbon dioxide can easily cross the plasma membrane by simple diffusion?

Accepted Answer

They are nonpolar and lipid-soluble.

Question 7

What is the main difference between carrier-mediated and channel-mediated facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

Carrier-mediated diffusion involves a shape change in the protein, while channel-mediated provides a water-filled pore for molecules to pass.

Question 8

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between osmolarity, solute concentration, and water concentration?

Accepted Answer

$$Osmolarity = \frac{	ext{Number of solute particles}}{	ext{Volume of solvent}}$$

Question 9

Which type of cell junction is most important in preventing leakage of fluids between cells in the lining of the stomach?

Accepted Answer

Tight junctions

Question 10

The sodium-potassium pump is an example of which type of membrane transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of the glycocalyx on the cell surface?

Accepted Answer

It serves as a biological marker for cell recognition and immune response.

Question 12

Which process requires energy (ATP) to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 13

A cell is placed in a solution with a lower osmolarity than its cytoplasm. What will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Water will enter the cell, causing it to swell.

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of peripheral membrane proteins?

Accepted Answer

Forming water-filled channels for ion transport

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the movement of water during osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Water moves from areas of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to high solute concentration (low water concentration).

Question 16

Which equation best represents the electrochemical gradient for potassium ions ($$K^+) $$across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$E_{K^+} = \frac{RT}{zF} \ln \left( \frac{[K^+]_{	ext{outside}}}{[K^+]_{	ext{inside}}} ight)$$

Question 17

Which type of vesicular transport is used by immune cells to engulf bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 18

Which of the following statements about the resting membrane potential (RMP) is correct?

Accepted Answer

RMP is produced by the separation of oppositely charged particles across the plasma membrane.

Question 19

Which of the following is a real-life example of secondary active transport in human physiology?

Accepted Answer

Glucose absorption in the small intestine via sodium-glucose cotransporter

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of gap junctions in cardiac muscle cells?

Accepted Answer

They allow electrical signals to pass quickly from one cell to the next.

Cell Structure and Function: The Living Units in Human Anatomy & Physiology

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