Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the sodium-potassium pump in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It uses ATP to actively transport sodium ions out of the cell and potassium ions into the cell, maintaining electrochemical gradients.

Question 2

A cell placed in a hypertonic extracellular solution will most likely:

Accepted Answer

Lose water and shrink as water moves out of the cell.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for the synthesis of proteins that are exported from the cell?

Accepted Answer

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER)

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why phospholipids form bilayers in aqueous environments?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails, causing them to arrange with heads facing water and tails facing inward.

Question 5

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S Phase

Question 6

A patient is diagnosed with a genetic disorder affecting the function of aquaporins. Which process would be most directly impaired?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion of water across cell membranes

Question 7

Which of the following is a correct description of exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Release of substances from the cell when vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.

Question 8

If a cell's mitochondria are damaged, which process would be most affected?

Accepted Answer

ATP production through aerobic respiration

Question 9

Which of the following equations correctly represents the relationship for diffusion rate according to Fick's Law?

Accepted Answer

$J = D \frac{(C_1 - C_2)}{d}$

Question 10

A mutation causes the loss of function in carrier proteins in the plasma membrane. Which process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion of glucose

Question 11

Which structure is responsible for packaging and modifying proteins for secretion?

Accepted Answer

Golgi Apparatus

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the role of integral (transmembrane) proteins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

They provide channels or carriers for transport of substances across the membrane.

Question 13

A cell is observed to engulf bacteria by surrounding them with its plasma membrane. This process is best described as:

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing proteins

Question 15

Which process requires energy input from ATP to move substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of lysosomes?

Accepted Answer

Digestion and breakdown of cellular waste and foreign material

Question 17

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the center of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 18

A cell with defective nuclear pores would have difficulty with which process?

Accepted Answer

Moving mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

Question 19

Which of the following is the correct sequence for protein synthesis in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Transcription in the nucleus, translation in the cytoplasm

Question 20

Which equation best represents the calculation of osmotic pressure ($\Pi$) according to van't Hoff's law?

Accepted Answer

$\Pi = iMRT$

Cell Structure, Function, and Transport: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

Study Guide - Practice Questions