Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in a human cell?

Accepted Answer

It regulates the movement of substances into and out of the cell.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a solution containing 95% water and 5% NaCl. What type of solution is this relative to the cell, and what will happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

Hypotonic; the cell will swell and may burst.

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for producing ATP, the primary energy source for cell function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 4

During protein synthesis, what is the correct sequence of events from DNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Translation → Posttranslational modification

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why the phospholipid bilayer forms the basic structure of the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Phospholipids have polar heads that face water and nonpolar tails that face each other.

Question 6

A cell is placed in a solution with a higher concentration of solutes than inside the cell. What type of solution is this, and what is the expected movement of water?

Accepted Answer

Hypertonic; water moves out of the cell.

Question 7

Which process requires energy in the form of ATP to move molecules against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 8

The sodium-potassium pump moves sodium and potassium ions across the plasma membrane. What is the correct stoichiometry for this pump?

Accepted Answer

3 Na$$^+$$ out, 2 K$$^+ in$$

Question 9

Which cellular extension is primarily responsible for absorption in digestive tract and kidney cells?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli

Question 10

Which of the following statements about cell theory is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cells are the smallest unit of life and all living things are composed of one or more cells.

Question 11

Which organelle packages, modifies, and delivers proteins for exocytosis or to other cell parts?

Accepted Answer

Golgi apparatus

Question 12

What is the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They synthesize proteins.

Question 13

Which of the following is true about facilitated diffusion?

Accepted Answer

It uses membrane proteins to move molecules down their concentration gradient.

Question 14

A cell in a hypotonic solution will:

Accepted Answer

Gain water and swell.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

It gives cell shape, supports organelles, and aids in movement.

Question 16

During transcription, which base in DNA pairs with uracil in mRNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine

Question 17

Which process involves the cell ingesting large particles such as bacteria or dead cells?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 18

If a cell is surrounded by a solution with equal concentrations of solute inside and outside, what is the tonicity of the solution?

Accepted Answer

Isotonic

Question 19

Which of the following is NOT a basic component of all human cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 20

Which equation best represents the movement of water during osmosis across a selectively permeable membrane?

Accepted Answer

$$J = -P (C_1$ - C_2$)$$, where $$J is $$the flux, $$P is $$permeability, and $$C_1$$ and $$C_2$$ are concentrations on either side of the membrane.

Cell Structure, Membrane Transport, and Protein Synthesis: Study Guide for Anatomy & Physiology

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