Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main structural feature of the plasma membrane that allows it to be selectively permeable to different substances?

Accepted Answer

A double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution of pure water. What will most likely happen to their red blood cells, and which transport process is responsible?

Accepted Answer

Cells will swell and possibly burst due to osmosis

Question 3

Which of the following best distinguishes primary active transport from secondary active transport?

Accepted Answer

Primary active transport directly uses ATP, while secondary active transport uses the energy from an ion gradient

Question 4

During receptor-mediated endocytosis, which of the following occurs?

Accepted Answer

The cell internalizes specific molecules bound to receptors on the plasma membrane

Question 5

Which of the following best explains how the resting membrane potential is established in a typical neuron?

Accepted Answer

By the active transport of sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell, combined with selective permeability to potassium

Question 6

A cell is observed to have abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum and a prominent Golgi apparatus. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis and secretion

Question 7

Which of the following organelles is primarily responsible for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide ($$H_2O_2) in $$the cell?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 8

A genetic mutation disrupts the function of centrioles in a cell. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Formation of cilia and flagella

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the difference between cilia and microvilli?

Accepted Answer

Cilia are motile and move substances across the cell surface, while microvilli increase surface area for absorption

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of tight junctions in epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

They prevent the passage of substances between adjacent cells

Question 11

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 12

Which of the following best describes the function of the nucleolus?

Accepted Answer

It is the site of ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly

Question 13

A mutation in a gene results in a change in the sequence of amino acids in a protein. This is best explained by which concept?

Accepted Answer

The genetic code specifies the sequence of amino acids in a protein

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of transcription?

Accepted Answer

The synthesis of mRNA from a DNA template

Question 15

Which of the following is a key structural characteristic of epithelial tissue?

Accepted Answer

It is avascular but innervated

Question 16

Which of the following best distinguishes exocrine glands from endocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Exocrine glands secrete their products through ducts; endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood

Question 17

Which of the following is a common characteristic of connective tissue?

Accepted Answer

It contains cells, fibers, and ground substance

Question 18

A patient has a genetic disorder that affects the function of desmosomes. Which tissue would most likely be compromised?

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue subject to mechanical stress, such as skin

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of mitochondria in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Production of ATP through aerobic respiration

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of gap junctions?

Accepted Answer

Allowing direct communication between adjacent cells by permitting the passage of ions and small molecules

Cell Structure, Membrane Transport, and Tissue Types: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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