Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the glycocalyx on the surface of animal cells?

Accepted Answer

It functions in cell recognition, adhesion, and protection.

Question 2

A scientist observes a cell with abundant rough endoplasmic reticulum (rough ER) and a prominent Golgi complex. Which function is this cell most likely specialized for?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis and secretion of proteins

Question 3

Which of the following best distinguishes between integral and peripheral proteins in the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Integral proteins are embedded within the lipid bilayer and may span the membrane, while peripheral proteins are attached to the membrane surface.

Question 4

A red blood cell is placed in a solution and begins to swell and eventually bursts. Which term best describes the solution, and what is the direction of water movement?

Accepted Answer

The solution is hypotonic; water moves into the cell.

Question 5

Which of the following organelles is responsible for the breakdown of hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$) into water and oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Peroxisome

Question 6

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 7

A cell is observed to engulf a bacterium by extending its plasma membrane around the particle and forming a vesicle. Which process is being described?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between cytosol and cytoplasm?

Accepted Answer

Cytosol is the fluid component of the cytoplasm, while cytoplasm includes the cytosol and all organelles except the nucleus.

Question 9

Which of the following transport mechanisms requires energy in the form of ATP and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 10

A cell uses a carrier protein to move glucose into the cell along its concentration gradient without using ATP. Which type of transport is this?

Accepted Answer

Facilitated diffusion

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of microvilli on the surface of epithelial cells in the small intestine?

Accepted Answer

Increasing surface area for absorption

Question 12

Which of the following is an example of a non-membranous organelle?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 13

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink as water leaves the cell.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the process of osmosis?

Accepted Answer

Movement of water molecules from low to high solute concentration across a selectively permeable membrane

Question 15

Which of the following correctly matches the organelle with its primary function?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion – aerobic respiration

Question 16

During mitosis, which stage is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equatorial plane?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the difference between organelles and inclusions in a cell?

Accepted Answer

Organelles perform specific cellular functions, while inclusions are stored substances such as glycogen or pigments.

Question 18

A cell is observed to transport sodium ions out and potassium ions in, both against their concentration gradients, using the same protein and ATP. Which type of membrane carrier is involved?

Accepted Answer

Antiport

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the process of exocytosis?

Accepted Answer

The cell releases substances to the extracellular environment by fusing vesicles with the plasma membrane.

Question 20

A white blood cell engulfs a bacterium, digests it, and then releases the waste products outside the cell. Which sequence of processes is involved?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis followed by exocytosis

Cellular Level of Organization: Study Notes for Human Anatomy & Physiology

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