Question 1

Which of the following best describes the structure and function of a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

It is a double layer of phospholipids with embedded proteins, regulating the movement of substances in and out of the cell.

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution. What will most likely happen to the cell?

Accepted Answer

It will swell and may burst as water enters the cell.

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the net ATP yield from glycolysis of one molecule of glucose?

Accepted Answer

$ATP_{net} = 4 - 2 = 2$

Question 4

Which of the following best explains the difference between passive and active transport across the cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Passive transport moves substances down their concentration gradient without energy input, while active transport requires energy to move substances against the gradient.

Question 5

Which organelle is primarily responsible for ATP production in eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion

Question 6

A cell is observed to have many ribosomes attached to its rough endoplasmic reticulum. What is the most likely function of this cell?

Accepted Answer

Protein synthesis for export or membrane insertion

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the role of sodium-potassium pumps in nerve cells?

Accepted Answer

They use ATP to actively transport $3$ sodium ions out and $2$ potassium ions into the cell, maintaining the resting membrane potential.

Question 8

Which statement about the structure of DNA is correct?

Accepted Answer

DNA is a double helix composed of two antiparallel strands held together by hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.

Question 9

Which process is described by the following equation: $DNA \rightarrow RNA$?

Accepted Answer

Transcription

Question 10

During protein synthesis, which organelle is responsible for translating mRNA into a polypeptide chain?

Accepted Answer

Ribosome

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the difference between exons and introns in eukaryotic genes?

Accepted Answer

Exons are coding regions that remain in mature mRNA, while introns are non-coding regions removed during RNA splicing.

Question 12

A patient has a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in a single nucleotide of a gene. What type of mutation is this?

Accepted Answer

Point mutation

Question 13

Which equation correctly represents the number of chromosomes in a human somatic cell?

Accepted Answer

$2n = 46$

Question 14

Which of the following statements about mitochondria is true?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria contain their own DNA and are the site of aerobic respiration.

Question 15

Which process is responsible for the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen?

Accepted Answer

Fermentation

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

It modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 17

Which statement best describes the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Accepted Answer

Mitosis produces two identical diploid cells, while meiosis produces four genetically unique haploid cells.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of lysosomes in animal cells?

Accepted Answer

Digestion of macromolecules and cellular debris

Question 19

Which equation represents the relationship between the number of chromosomes in gametes and somatic cells in humans?

Accepted Answer

$n_{gamete} = \frac{1}{2} n_{somatic}$

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of antioxidants such as Vitamin E and Vitamin C in cells?

Accepted Answer

They neutralize free radicals, protecting cells from oxidative damage.

Cellular Organization and Molecular Genetics: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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