Question 1

Which of the following best describes facilitated diffusion across a cell membrane?

Accepted Answer

Movement of molecules down their concentration gradient via specific membrane proteins without energy input.

Question 2

A patient is given an intravenous solution that is hypertonic relative to their red blood cells. Which membrane transport process will primarily affect the cells, and what is the likely outcome?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis; the cells will shrink as water leaves the cells.

Question 3

Which organelle is primarily responsible for synthesizing ATP through aerobic respiration, and what is the main equation for this process?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondrion; $ \mathrm{C_6H_{12}O_6 + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP} $

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of the Golgi apparatus in the endomembrane system?

Accepted Answer

Packages, modifies, and sorts proteins for secretion or delivery to other organelles.

Question 5

During gene expression, which sequence of events correctly describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to protein?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Translation → Protein synthesis

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct pairing of a macromolecule with its monomer?

Accepted Answer

Protein – Amino acid

Question 7

A cell is observed to engulf a large bacterium by wrapping its plasma membrane around it and forming a vesicle. Which process is being described, and what is the specific type?

Accepted Answer

Bulk transport; phagocytosis

Question 8

Which structure within the nucleus is responsible for ribosomal RNA synthesis and ribosome assembly?

Accepted Answer

Nucleolus

Question 9

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equatorial plate?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 10

A scientist blocks the function of lysosomes in a cell. Which of the following processes would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Intracellular digestion of macromolecules

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the main event of the S phase of interphase?

Accepted Answer

DNA replication, resulting in duplicated chromosomes

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endoplasmic reticulum?

Accepted Answer

Packaging and sorting of proteins for secretion

Question 13

Which type of membrane transport requires energy input in the form of ATP and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of chromatin in the nucleus?

Accepted Answer

Contains genetic material in the form of DNA and associated proteins

Question 15

A cell is observed to release insulin into the bloodstream. Which process is responsible for this secretion?

Accepted Answer

Exocytosis

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the difference between pinocytosis and phagocytosis?

Accepted Answer

Pinocytosis engulfs fluids and dissolved solutes, while phagocytosis engulfs large solid particles.

Question 17

Which of the following equations correctly represents the hydrolysis of a disaccharide into two monosaccharides?

Accepted Answer

$ \mathrm{C_{12}H_{22}O_{11} + H_2O \rightarrow 2C_6H_{12}O_6} $

Question 18

During which phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles of the cell?

Accepted Answer

Anaphase

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the function of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

Assemble amino acids into polypeptides during translation

Question 20

Which of the following statements about the nuclear envelope is correct?

Accepted Answer

It contains nuclear pores that regulate the passage of molecules between the nucleus and cytoplasm.

Cellular Structure, Function, and Processes: Study Notes for Anatomy & Physiology

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