Q: Which equation correctly represents the percentage of cardiac output required by the brain if total cardiac output is $$Q_{total}$$ and the brain receives 20%?

$$Q_{brain} = 0.2 \times Q_{total}$$

Q: Which equation represents the oxygen consumption of the brain if the total body oxygen consumption is $$O_{total}$$ and the brain uses 20%?

$$O_{brain} = 0.2 \times O_{total}$$

Question 1

Which of the following statements best explains why the brain is highly sensitive to toxins compared to other organs?

Accepted Answer

The brain requires a high percentage of cardiac output and has extensive vascular supply, increasing exposure to circulating toxins.

Question 2

Which nutrient is used as an emergency energy source by the brain when glucose is scarce?

Accepted Answer

Ketones

Question 3

A patient presents with swelling in the meninges due to pooling of blood between the dura mater and the cranium. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Epidural hematoma

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

They help form the blood-brain barrier and provide cellular maintenance and support.

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the percentage of cardiac output required by the brain if total cardiac output is $$Q_{total}$$ and the brain receives 20%?

Accepted Answer

$$Q_{brain} = 0.2 	imes Q_{total}$$

Question 6

Which glial cell type is responsible for myelinating multiple axons in the central nervous system?

Accepted Answer

Oligodendrocytes

Question 7

A patient has damage to the corpus callosum. Which of the following deficits would most likely occur?

Accepted Answer

Impaired communication between the left and right cerebral hemispheres

Question 8

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the blood-brain barrier (BBB)?

Accepted Answer

It restricts passage of many substances due to tight junctions between endothelial cells.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the role of the thalamus in sensory pathways?

Accepted Answer

It relays sensory information from the spinal cord or brainstem to the cerebral cortex.

Question 10

Which equation represents the oxygen consumption of the brain if the total body oxygen consumption is $$O_{total}$$ and the brain uses 20%?

Accepted Answer

$$O_{brain} = 0.2 	imes O_{total}$$

Question 11

Which of the following structures is responsible for relaying information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum?

Accepted Answer

Pons

Question 12

A lesion in the lateral spinothalamic tract would most likely result in loss of which sensation?

Accepted Answer

Pain and temperature

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of the reticulospinal tract?

Accepted Answer

Activates respiratory muscles and coordinates involuntary movements

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the function of the basal nuclei?

Accepted Answer

Control of arm and leg movement and coordination of learned movement patterns

Question 15

Which equation represents the number of times cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is replaced per day if it is replaced every $$T$$ hours and there are 24 hours in a day?

Accepted Answer

$$N_{CSF} = \frac{24}{T}$$

Question 16

Which of the following is TRUE about the organization of gray and white matter in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter contains nerve cell bodies grouped as nuclei.

Question 17

A patient has a lesion affecting the anterior corticospinal tract. Which function is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Voluntary control of axial muscles

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of ependymal cells in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

They create and circulate cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct pathway for sensory information from the periphery to the cerebral cortex?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral neuron → spinal cord/brainstem → thalamus → cerebral cortex

Question 20

Which of the following is a function of the medulla oblongata?

Accepted Answer

Regulation of heart rate and blood pressure

Central Nervous System: Structure, Function, and Support

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