Chapter 1: The Human Body – An Orientation (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

Introduction to Anatomy & Physiology

Why This Matters

Understanding anatomical terminology and concepts is essential for accurate communication in health sciences. Mastery of these terms and principles forms the foundation for further study in anatomy and physiology.

Form and Function of Anatomy & Physiology

Definitions

• Anatomy: The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another.

• Physiology: The study of the function of body parts; specifically, how they work to carry out life-sustaining activities.

Both disciplines are closely linked, as the structure of a body part often determines its function.

Divisions of Anatomy

Gross (Macroscopic) Anatomy

Gross anatomy involves the study of large, visible structures of the body.

• Regional Anatomy: Examines all structures in a particular area of the body.

• System Anatomy: Focuses on one organ system (e.g., cardiovascular, nervous, muscular).

• Surface Anatomy: Studies internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin (e.g., visible muscle masses or veins).

Microscopic Anatomy

Microscopic anatomy deals with structures too small to be seen with the naked eye.

• Cytology: The microscopic study of cells.

• Histology: The microscopic study of tissues.

Developmental Anatomy

• Embryology: The study of anatomical and physiological development before birth.

To study anatomy, one must know anatomical terminology and be able to observe, manipulate, palpate, and auscultate.

Divisions of Physiology

Organ System-Based Physiology

• Physiology is often studied by organ systems (e.g., renal physiology, cardiovascular physiology).

• Focuses on cellular and molecular levels, examining how chemical reactions in individual cells underpin bodily functions.

Understanding physiology requires knowledge of basic physical principles (e.g., electrical currents, pressure, movement) and chemical principles.

Complementarity of Structure and Function

Principle of Complementarity

Anatomy and physiology are inseparable. The function of a body part always reflects its structure, and what a structure can do depends on its specific form. This is known as the principle of complementarity of structure and function.

• Example: The sharp edges of incisors make them ideal for cutting food, while the flat surfaces of molars are suited for grinding.

Summary Table: Divisions of Anatomy

Division	Description	Example
Gross Anatomy	Study of large, visible structures	Muscles, bones
Microscopic Anatomy	Study of structures too small for naked eye	Cells (cytology), tissues (histology)
Developmental Anatomy	Study of structural changes throughout life	Embryology (before birth)

Additional info: These foundational concepts are essential for understanding all subsequent topics in anatomy and physiology, including organ systems, homeostasis, and clinical applications.