Question 1

Which type of sensory receptor is primarily responsible for detecting changes in blood pH?

Accepted Answer

Chemoreceptors

Question 2

A patient presents with loss of fine muscle control and poor sense of body position. Which receptor type is most likely impaired?

Accepted Answer

Proprioceptors

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why pain perception can be enhanced by emotions and expectations?

Accepted Answer

Pain modulation depends mainly on endogenous opioids

Question 4

Which structure in the eye is responsible for changing shape to focus light on the retina during accommodation?

Accepted Answer

Lens

Question 5

A person enters a dark room after being in bright sunlight. Which process allows their eyes to gradually adjust to the darkness?

Accepted Answer

Increase in cGMP levels in photoreceptors

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the function of the fovea centralis?

Accepted Answer

Provides high visual acuity due to low convergence of cones

Question 7

Damage to the pigmented epithelium of the retina can lead to which disease, and why?

Accepted Answer

Macular degeneration, due to impaired photoreceptor support and phagocytosis

Question 8

Which equation best represents the relationship between wavelength ($$\lambda) $$and frequency ($$f) of $$visible light, given the speed of light ($$c$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$c = \lambda 	imes f$$

Question 9

A patient is unable to detect vertical acceleration but can still sense horizontal acceleration. Which part of the vestibular apparatus is most likely damaged?

Accepted Answer

Saccule

Question 10

Which of the following statements about the cochlea is correct?

Accepted Answer

High-frequency sounds are detected near the base of the cochlea

Question 11

Which neural pathway is responsible for transmitting auditory information from the cochlea to the auditory cortex?

Accepted Answer

Vestibulocochlear nerve $$\rightarrow$$ cochlear nuclei $$\rightarrow$$ thalamus $$\rightarrow$$ auditory cortex

Question 12

Which taste category is specifically sensitive to glutamate, and what is its significance?

Accepted Answer

Umami; detects amino acids

Question 13

Which molecular pathway is activated when an odorant molecule binds to an olfactory receptor?

Accepted Answer

Activation of adenylyl cyclase, increase in cAMP, opening of Na$$^+$$ and Ca$$^{2+}$$ channels

Question 14

Which cutaneous receptor is most likely to be activated by capsaicin, the chemical found in chili peppers?

Accepted Answer

Capsaicin receptor (a type of nociceptor)

Question 15

A person with red-green color blindness most likely lacks which type of cone photoreceptor?

Accepted Answer

M cones

Question 16

Which of the following best explains why you can see a dim star better with the 'corner of your eye' at night?

Accepted Answer

Peripheral retina contains more rods, which are sensitive to low light

Question 17

Which equation describes the change in membrane potential ($$V_m) $$when sodium ions enter a sensory receptor cell?

Accepted Answer

$$V_m = V_{rest} + \Delta V_{Na}$$

Question 18

Which of the following is true regarding the adaptation of photoreceptors to light?

Accepted Answer

Photopigments are bleached and must be converted back to their active form by pigment epithelial cells

Question 19

Which of the following statements about cutaneous thermoreceptors is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cold receptors are located closer to the epidermis and are stimulated by cold and inhibited by warmth

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the function of the semicircular canals in the vestibular apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Detect rotational acceleration

P:chapter 10

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