Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a primary function of blood in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Producing hormones for endocrine signaling

Question 2

Blood has a slightly alkaline pH. Which of the following best represents the normal pH range of blood?

Accepted Answer

$$7.35 - 7.45$$

Question 3

Plasma is the liquid component of blood. Which of the following correctly describes the composition of plasma?

Accepted Answer

90% water, 8% proteins, 2% solutes

Question 4

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumins

Question 5

A patient with liver disease has reduced production of fibrinogen. Which physiological process would be most directly affected?

Accepted Answer

Blood clotting

Question 6

Red blood cells (RBCs) lack nuclei and most organelles. What is the primary advantage of this adaptation?

Accepted Answer

It increases the cell's flexibility and surface area for gas exchange.

Question 7

Hemoglobin binds oxygen using which component?

Accepted Answer

The iron ion in the heme group

Question 8

Erythropoiesis, the formation of red blood cells, is stimulated by which hormone, and what triggers its release?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin, released in response to low oxygen levels

Question 9

A patient with vitamin B12 deficiency is likely to experience which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Impaired erythropoiesis and anemia

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the location and process of old red blood cell removal and recycling?

Accepted Answer

RBCs are removed in the spleen and liver, and iron is recycled for new hemoglobin.

Question 11

In the ABO blood system, which blood type has both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in plasma?

Accepted Answer

Type O

Question 12

Agglutination occurs during a transfusion reaction. What is the underlying cause?

Accepted Answer

Antibodies in the recipient's plasma bind to antigens on donor RBCs

Question 13

A person with blood type B negative ($$B^-) $$can safely receive blood from which of the following donors?

Accepted Answer

O negative ($$O^-)$$

Question 14

Which of the following statements correctly differentiates white blood cells (WBCs) from red blood cells (RBCs)?

Accepted Answer

WBCs are larger and have nuclei, while RBCs are smaller and lack nuclei.

Question 15

Which white blood cell is most abundant in a normal differential count and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 16

Platelets (thrombocytes) play a crucial role in hemostasis. Which of the following best describes their function?

Accepted Answer

They initiate the formation of a blood clot by adhering to damaged vessel walls.

Question 17

Hemostasis involves three phases. Which sequence correctly lists these phases?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation

Question 18

During blood clotting, which pathway is activated by tissue damage outside the blood vessel?

Accepted Answer

Extrinsic pathway

Question 19

After tissue healing, what happens to the blood clot?

Accepted Answer

It is dissolved by plasmin in a process called fibrinolysis.

Question 20

A trauma patient is losing blood rapidly. If their blood volume drops below a critical threshold, which equation best estimates the total blood volume ($$V) in $$liters for a 70 kg adult, given that average blood volume is $$70 mL/kg$$?

Accepted Answer

$$V = 70 	imes 0.07 = 4.9$$ 	ext{ liters}

Chapter 11: The Cardiovascular System – Blood (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

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