Question 1

Which of the following best describes the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

Accepted Answer

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the blood, while exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to the outside of the body or into body cavities.

Question 2

A patient presents with abnormally high blood calcium levels. Which hormone is most likely under-secreted?

Accepted Answer

Calcitonin

Question 3

Which of the following hormones is produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex and is primarily responsible for sodium reabsorption?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 4

Which hormone acts via intracellular receptors and direct gene activation rather than second messenger systems?

Accepted Answer

Testosterone

Question 5

A person is experiencing symptoms of dehydration and low blood pressure. Which hormone released from the posterior pituitary is most likely deficient?

Accepted Answer

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathway?

Accepted Answer

Hormone binds receptor $\rightarrow$ G protein activated $\rightarrow$ Adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP $\rightarrow$ cAMP activates protein kinases

Question 7

Which hormone is released in response to low blood glucose and acts to increase blood sugar by promoting glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis?

Accepted Answer

Glucagon

Question 8

A patient with a tumor in the anterior pituitary is found to have excessive growth hormone (GH) secretion. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Abnormal increase in bone and tissue growth (gigantism or acromegaly)

Question 9

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland and is involved in regulating circadian rhythms?

Accepted Answer

Melatonin

Question 10

Which of the following best explains the permissive effect of hormones?

Accepted Answer

One hormone cannot exert its full effect without another hormone being present

Question 11

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a function of the endocrine system?

Accepted Answer

Initiating voluntary muscle contraction

Question 13

Which hormone is released from the parathyroid glands and increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the role of the hypothalamus in endocrine regulation?

Accepted Answer

It controls the release of hormones from the pituitary gland via neural and hormonal signals.

Question 15

Which hormone is produced by the adrenal medulla and is involved in the 'fight or flight' response?

Accepted Answer

Epinephrine

Question 16

Which of the following is a correct description of autocrine signaling?

Accepted Answer

A cell releases a chemical messenger that acts on itself.

Question 17

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating ovulation and the secretion of estrogens and progesterone in females?

Accepted Answer

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the effect of insulin on blood glucose levels?

Accepted Answer

Insulin decreases blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells.

Question 19

Which hormone is produced by the thyroid gland and is essential for regulating metabolism?

Accepted Answer

Thyroxine (T4)

Question 20

A patient is found to have low levels of aldosterone. Which of the following symptoms would you expect?

Accepted Answer

Decreased sodium reabsorption and increased potassium retention

Chapter 16: The Endocrine System – Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes

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