Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation?

$$\text{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{\text{Prothrombin Activator}} \text{Thrombin}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They transport oxygen from the lungs to body tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and shortness of breath. Laboratory results show a hematocrit of 30%. Which condition is most likely?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 3

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 4

A person with blood type O negative is considered a universal donor for red blood cell transfusions. Why?

Accepted Answer

Their RBCs lack A, B, and Rh antigens, so they do not trigger agglutination in recipients.

Question 5

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm → Platelet plug formation → Coagulation

Question 6

A patient at high altitude develops secondary polycythemia. Which physiological mechanism explains this response?

Accepted Answer

Increased erythropoietin (EPO) production by the kidneys in response to hypoxia

Question 7

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin during coagulation?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{	ext{Prothrombin Activator}} 	ext{Thrombin}$$

Question 8

A patient with a genetic mutation resulting in abnormal hemoglobin that causes RBCs to become crescent-shaped under low oxygen conditions is most likely suffering from:

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 9

Which white blood cell type is most abundant and is especially elevated during acute bacterial infections?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophils

Question 10

A patient is given warfarin (Coumadin) after being diagnosed with atrial fibrillation. What is the primary mechanism of action of this drug?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits the synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors.

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why vitamin B12 deficiency leads to anemia?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin B12 is necessary for DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing erythrocyte precursors.

Question 12

A patient with a platelet count of 30,000/μl presents with widespread petechiae. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Thrombocytopenia

Question 13

Which of the following statements about the ABO blood group system is correct?

Accepted Answer

Type O blood has neither A nor B antigens on RBCs.

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the fate of the heme portion of hemoglobin after erythrocyte destruction?

Accepted Answer

It is degraded to bilirubin, transported to the liver, and excreted in bile.

Question 15

A newborn develops hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis). Which maternal and fetal blood types are most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Mother is Rh–, fetus is Rh+

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of plasmin in the body?

Accepted Answer

It digests fibrin clots during fibrinolysis.

Question 17

A patient with chronic kidney disease is likely to develop anemia primarily because:

Accepted Answer

The kidneys cannot produce enough erythropoietin.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct multi-step pathway for the formation of a blood clot?

Accepted Answer

$$	ext{Prothrombin} \xrightarrow{	ext{Prothrombin Activator}} 	ext{Thrombin} \xrightarrow{	ext{Thrombin}} 	ext{Fibrinogen} ightarrow 	ext{Fibrin}$$

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why aspirin is used to reduce the risk of heart attack?

Accepted Answer

It inhibits platelet aggregation, reducing the likelihood of thrombus formation.

Chapter 17: Blood – Structure, Function, and Clinical Aspects

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