Q: A patient’s heart rate is 75 beats per minute and their stroke volume is 70 mL. What is their cardiac output?

$$CO = 75 \times 70 = 5250\,mL/min$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the pathway of blood flow through the heart, starting at the systemic capillaries and ending at the same location?

Accepted Answer

Systemic capillaries → systemic veins → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary arteries → lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → systemic arteries → systemic capillaries

Question 2

Which side of the heart is responsible for pumping blood to the lungs, and what is the name of this circuit?

Accepted Answer

Right side; pulmonary circuit

Question 3

What is the correct sequence of electrical conduction through the heart?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node → Atrioventricular (AV) node → AV bundle (bundle of His) → Right and left bundle branches → Purkinje fibers

Question 4

Which of the following best describes the three layers of the heart wall from outermost to innermost?

Accepted Answer

Epicardium (serous membrane), myocardium (cardiac muscle), endocardium (endothelium)

Question 5

The coronary sinus delivers blood directly to which chamber of the heart?

Accepted Answer

Right atrium

Question 6

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV$$

Question 7

What is the significance of the plateau phase in the cardiac action potential?

Accepted Answer

It prevents tetanus by prolonging the refractory period, allowing the heart to relax between contractions.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the cause of the first heart sound (S1)?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves at the beginning of ventricular systole

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct formula for cardiac output (CO)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 10

A patient has an end-diastolic volume (EDV) of 140 mL and an end-systolic volume (ESV) of 60 mL. What is the patient’s stroke volume (SV)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = 140\,mL - 60\,mL = 80\,mL$$

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the function of the left side of the heart?

Accepted Answer

It pumps oxygenated blood to the systemic circuit.

Question 12

Which wave on an ECG represents ventricular depolarization?

Accepted Answer

QRS complex

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT a phase of the cardiac cycle?

Accepted Answer

Atrial ejection

Question 14

Which population of pacemaker cells has the fastest intrinsic rate of depolarization?

Accepted Answer

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Question 15

A patient’s heart rate is 75 beats per minute and their stroke volume is 70 mL. What is their cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = 75 	imes 70 = 5250\,mL/min$$

Question 16

Which of the following best describes end-diastolic volume (EDV)?

Accepted Answer

The volume of blood in a ventricle at the end of ventricular relaxation (diastole)

Question 17

Which event causes the second heart sound (S2)?

Accepted Answer

Closure of the semilunar valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole

Question 18

Which of the following is the correct order of the five waves in a normal ECG?

Accepted Answer

P wave, QRS complex, T wave, U wave, P' wave

Chapter 17: Cardiovascular System Study Guide – ANP

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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