Question 1

Which of the following best describes the relationship between blood and interstitial fluid in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Blood is confined to blood vessels, while interstitial fluid surrounds tissue cells; both exchange substances but differ in protein content.

Question 2

A patient presents with a hematocrit of 65%. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for this finding?

Accepted Answer

The patient may have undergone blood doping or has polycythemia.

Question 3

Which hormone is primarily involved in blood doping, and what is its main function?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; stimulates red blood cell production.

Question 4

Which plasma protein is most responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood, and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Albumin; produced in the liver.

Question 5

A typical red blood cell is best described as:

Accepted Answer

A biconcave, anucleate cell specialized for gas transport.

Question 6

Approximately what percentage of oxygen is carried by hemoglobin in the blood?

Accepted Answer

About 98.5%

Question 7

Carbon dioxide is transported in the blood in several ways. Which equation represents the formation of bicarbonate from carbon dioxide in red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{CO_2$} + \mathrm{H_2O} \rightarrow \mathrm{H_2CO_3} \rightarrow \mathrm{H^+} + \mathrm{$$HCO_3$$^-}$$

Question 8

Why is carbon monoxide (CO) so dangerous to humans?

Accepted Answer

CO binds to hemoglobin with much higher affinity than oxygen, preventing oxygen transport.

Question 9

A deficiency in vitamin B12 can lead to which type of anemia, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia; impaired DNA synthesis in red blood cell precursors.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a source of iron for hemoglobin synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Iron produced by the kidneys.

Question 11

A bruise changes color as it heals due to the breakdown of hemoglobin. Which sequence of pigments is correct?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin → Biliverdin → Bilirubin

Question 12

Which white blood cell is most abundant in a normal differential count and is primarily responsible for phagocytosis of bacteria?

Accepted Answer

Neutrophil

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the process of hematopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

The formation of blood cells from pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow.

Question 14

Which of the following is a characteristic of platelets?

Accepted Answer

They are cell fragments involved in hemostasis.

Question 15

Which vitamin is essential for blood clotting, and what is its role?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K; required for synthesis of clotting factors.

Question 16

Which equation represents the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin during blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Fibrinogen} \xrightarrow{Thrombin} \mathrm{Fibrin}$$

Question 17

Which of the following best distinguishes a thrombus from an embolus?

Accepted Answer

A thrombus is a stationary blood clot, while an embolus is a clot that has broken free and travels in the bloodstream.

Question 18

Which positive feedback mechanism operates during blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

Thrombin stimulates the production of more prothrombin, accelerating clot formation.

Question 19

A patient with sickle cell anemia has a mutation in the gene coding for hemoglobin. What is the consequence of this mutation?

Accepted Answer

Red blood cells become sickle-shaped, leading to blockages and reduced oxygen delivery.

Question 20

Which of the following would most likely prevent blood coagulation in a patient at risk for thrombosis?

Accepted Answer

Administering heparin, which inhibits thrombin activity.

Chapter 19 Blood: Guided Study and Step-by-Step Review

Study Guide - Practice Questions

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