Question 1

A patient presents with yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice). Laboratory tests reveal elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood. Which of the following best explains the physiological process leading to this condition?

Accepted Answer

Excessive breakdown of hemoglobin leads to increased production of biliverdin, which is then converted to bilirubin. Impaired excretion of bilirubin by the liver causes its accumulation in the blood.

Question 2

A 30-year-old woman with type O- blood is pregnant with her second child. Her first child was Rh positive. Which of the following best describes the risk to her current pregnancy if the fetus is also Rh positive?

Accepted Answer

Maternal anti-Rh antibodies can cross the placenta and attack fetal RBCs, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn.

Question 3

Which of the following best explains why mature red blood cells (RBCs) are unable to repair themselves after damage?

Accepted Answer

They lack nuclei, mitochondria, and ribosomes, preventing protein synthesis and repair.

Question 4

A patient with a hematocrit of 30% and hemoglobin concentration of 8 g/dL is most likely suffering from which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 5

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining the osmotic pressure of blood and transporting fatty acids and hormones?

Accepted Answer

Albumin

Question 6

A blood sample is separated into its components. Which of the following percentages most accurately represents the composition of plasma in whole blood?

Accepted Answer

55%

Question 7

A patient receives a transfusion of type B blood but has type A blood. What is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Anti-B antibodies in the recipient's plasma will cause agglutination and hemolysis of the donor RBCs.

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the role of erythropoietin (EPO) in red blood cell production?

Accepted Answer

EPO is a hormone released by the kidneys and liver in response to hypoxia, stimulating erythropoiesis in red bone marrow.

Question 9

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin B$$_{12} is $$most likely to develop which of the following conditions?

Accepted Answer

Pernicious anemia

Question 10

Which of the following equations correctly estimates the blood volume (in liters) for a person weighing 80 kg?

Accepted Answer

$$80 	imes 0.07 = 5.6$$

Question 11

Which of the following best explains why RBCs form stacks called rouleaux as they pass through narrow capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Rouleaux formation allows smooth blood flow and prevents blockages in small vessels.

Question 12

A patient has a WBC count of 15,000/μL. Which of the following terms best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis

Question 13

Which of the following white blood cells is primarily responsible for releasing histamine and heparin at sites of tissue injury?

Accepted Answer

Basophils

Question 14

A patient is diagnosed with deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Which of the following processes is most directly responsible for dissolving the blood clot?

Accepted Answer

Fibrinolysis, in which plasmin digests fibrin strands

Question 15

Which of the following is required for the synthesis of four clotting factors and is essential for the coagulation phase of hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K

Question 16

During the coagulation phase of hemostasis, which of the following sequences correctly describes the conversion of soluble proteins to an insoluble clot?

Accepted Answer

Prothrombin is converted to thrombin, which then converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

Question 17

A patient with type AB+ blood is considered a universal recipient for RBC transfusions. Which of the following best explains why?

Accepted Answer

Type AB+ blood has no anti-A, anti-B, or anti-Rh antibodies in the plasma.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the function of platelets during hemostasis?

Accepted Answer

They release clotting chemicals, form a temporary plug, and reduce the size of the break in the vessel wall.

Question 19

A patient with a genetic deficiency in antithrombin-III is at increased risk for which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Excessive blood clot formation (thrombophilia)

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the process of leukopoiesis?

Accepted Answer

The production of white blood cells from myeloid and lymphoid stem cells in bone marrow

Chapter 19: Blood – Structure, Composition, and Functions

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