Q: Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit ($$Hct) as a $$percentage?

$$Hct = \frac{\text{Volume of erythrocytes}}{\text{Total blood volume}} \times 100\%$$

Question 1

A patient is suffering from severe blood loss after a traumatic injury. Which of the following blood functions is most directly responsible for minimizing further blood loss at the site of injury?

Accepted Answer

Functioning in blood clotting

Question 2

Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining the blood's colloid osmotic pressure, and what is the physiological consequence if its concentration drops significantly?

Accepted Answer

Albumin; water moves into the blood by osmosis

Question 3

A laboratory technician centrifuges a blood sample and observes three distinct layers. Which layer contains the majority of leukocytes and platelets, and what is this layer called?

Accepted Answer

The middle layer; called the buffy coat

Question 4

A patient with chronic kidney disease develops anemia. Which hormone is most likely deficient, and what is its primary function in erythropoiesis?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin; stimulates differentiation of erythrocyte CFUs

Question 5

A patient presents with macrocytic anemia and is found to have a vitamin B12 deficiency. Which process is most directly impaired, leading to this condition?

Accepted Answer

DNA synthesis in rapidly dividing hematopoietic cells

Question 6

Which of the following best describes the difference between granulocytes and agranulocytes?

Accepted Answer

Granulocytes contain visible cytoplasmic granules; agranulocytes lack visible granules

Question 7

A patient is diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Which of the following best describes the cellular origin and typical progression of this disease?

Accepted Answer

Rapid increase in immature lymphocytes derived from the lymphoid cell line

Question 8

During hemostasis, which step involves the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, and what is the main enzyme responsible for this reaction?

Accepted Answer

Coagulation; thrombin

Question 9

A patient with hemophilia A is at risk for excessive bleeding after minor injuries. Which clotting factor is deficient in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII

Question 10

A woman with type O- blood is pregnant with a fetus who is Rh+. Which immunological event could occur in subsequent pregnancies if she is not treated, and what is the underlying mechanism?

Accepted Answer

Hemolytic disease of the newborn; maternal anti-Rh antibodies cross the placenta and destroy fetal erythrocytes

Question 11

Which of the following equations correctly represents the calculation of hematocrit ($$Hct) as a $$percentage?

Accepted Answer

$$Hct = \frac{	ext{Volume of erythrocytes}}{	ext{Total blood volume}} 	imes 100\%$$

Question 12

A patient with sickle-cell disease has two defective copies of the gene for hemoglobin. What is the primary structural abnormality in their erythrocytes, and what is the consequence during low oxygen conditions?

Accepted Answer

Hemoglobin S causes erythrocytes to become rigid and sickle-shaped, leading to vessel occlusion

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why individuals with blood type AB+ are considered universal recipients for blood transfusions?

Accepted Answer

They do not produce antibodies against A, B, or Rh antigens

Question 14

During the process of thrombopoiesis, which precursor cell undergoes repeated mitosis without cytokinesis, resulting in a large cell with multiple copies of DNA?

Accepted Answer

Megakaryocyte

Question 15

A patient develops a thrombus in a deep vein of the leg. Which of the following terms describes the condition if a piece of this clot breaks off and travels to the lungs, causing a blockage?

Accepted Answer

Thromboembolism

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the role of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the process of thrombolysis?

Accepted Answer

tPA converts plasminogen to plasmin, which digests fibrin and dissolves the clot

Question 17

A blood sample is mixed with anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh antibodies. Agglutination occurs with anti-B and anti-Rh, but not with anti-A. What is the blood type of this individual?

Accepted Answer

B+

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why albumin is important for maintaining blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Albumin creates colloid osmotic pressure, drawing water into the blood and maintaining blood volume

Question 19

A patient with a deficiency in vitamin K is at risk for impaired coagulation. Which clotting factors are directly affected by this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Factors II, VII, IX, and X

Chapter 19: Blood – Structure, Functions, and Components

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