Q: Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance?

$\text{Blood Pressure} = \text{Cardiac Output} \times \text{Peripheral Resistance}$

Q: Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output?

$\text{Cardiac Output} = \text{Stroke Volume} \times \text{Heart Rate}$

Question 1

Which layer of a blood vessel wall is primarily responsible for regulating blood flow and blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation?

Accepted Answer

Tunica media

Question 2

A patient presents with persistent hypertension. Which factor most directly increases peripheral resistance and thus contributes to elevated blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Increased vessel length

Question 3

Which equation correctly represents the relationship between blood pressure, cardiac output, and peripheral resistance?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Blood Pressure} = 	ext{Cardiac Output} 	imes 	ext{Peripheral Resistance}$

Question 4

During vigorous exercise, blood flow to skeletal muscles increases dramatically. Which mechanism is primarily responsible for this increase?

Accepted Answer

Decreased oxygen concentration triggering local vasodilation

Question 5

Which type of capillary is most abundant in the kidneys and allows rapid filtration due to perpetually open pores?

Accepted Answer

Fenestrated capillaries

Question 6

If the radius of a blood vessel is doubled, by what factor does the resistance to blood flow change?

Accepted Answer

$\frac{1}{16}$

Question 7

Which of the following best describes the function of valves in veins?

Accepted Answer

They prevent backward flow of blood, especially in the limbs

Question 8

A patient with severe burns is at risk for hypovolemic shock. What is the primary physiological problem in hypovolemic shock?

Accepted Answer

Large-scale loss of blood volume

Question 9

Which of the following is a major cause of chronic hypertension?

Accepted Answer

Increased peripheral resistance due to vessel length and diameter

Question 10

Which structure in the fetal heart allows blood to bypass the pulmonary circuit?

Accepted Answer

Foramen ovale

Question 11

Which equation correctly calculates cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

$	ext{Cardiac Output} = 	ext{Stroke Volume} 	imes 	ext{Heart Rate}$

Question 12

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the hepatic portal system?

Accepted Answer

It transports nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver for processing

Question 13

Which of the following best explains why velocity of blood flow is slowest in capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Total cross-sectional area of capillaries is greatest

Question 14

Which of the following is a direct effect of ADH release during dangerously low blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Intense vasoconstriction to restore arterial pressure

Question 15

Which of the following is a characteristic of arterial anastomoses?

Accepted Answer

They provide alternate pathways for blood to reach a region

Question 16

A patient rises quickly from a sitting position and experiences dizziness due to temporary low blood pressure. What is this condition called?

Accepted Answer

Orthostatic hypotension

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of regular exercise on the cardiovascular system?

Accepted Answer

It enlarges the heart and improves its efficiency

Question 18

Which of the following is TRUE about the autoregulation of blood flow in the lungs?

Accepted Answer

Low oxygen causes vasoconstriction, diverting blood away from poorly ventilated areas

Question 19

Which of the following is a major determinant of peripheral resistance in the vascular system?

Accepted Answer

Blood vessel diameter

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the movement of fluid across capillary walls?

Accepted Answer

Hydrostatic pressure dominates at the arterial end, causing fluid to leave the capillary; osmotic pressure dominates at the venous end, causing fluid to enter

Chapter 19: Blood Vessels – Structure, Function, and Physiology

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