Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main function of erythrocytes in the blood?

Accepted Answer

They transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues and carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs.

Question 2

A patient presents with fatigue, pallor, and cold intolerance. Laboratory results show a hematocrit of 32%. Which condition is most likely present?

Accepted Answer

Anemia

Question 3

Which of the following statements about blood plasma is correct?

Accepted Answer

It is composed of 90% water and contains proteins such as albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.

Question 4

A marathon runner uses blood doping to enhance performance. What is the primary risk associated with this practice?

Accepted Answer

Increased blood viscosity leading to higher cardiac workload

Question 5

Which hormone is primarily responsible for stimulating the production of red blood cells, and where is it produced?

Accepted Answer

Erythropoietin, produced by the kidneys

Question 6

A patient with a low reticulocyte count and anemia is most likely suffering from which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Bone marrow failure or nutritional deficiency

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why vitamin K deficiency can lead to excessive bleeding?

Accepted Answer

Vitamin K is required for the synthesis of several clotting factors in the liver.

Question 8

A person with type O negative blood is considered a universal donor for which reason?

Accepted Answer

Their red blood cells lack A, B, and Rh antigens.

Question 9

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in hemostasis after a blood vessel is damaged?

Accepted Answer

Vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, blood clotting

Question 10

A patient with a genetic defect in hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to become sickle-shaped at low oxygen levels is likely to have which condition?

Accepted Answer

Sickle-cell anemia

Question 11

Which of the following best describes the role of fibrin in the clotting cascade?

Accepted Answer

It forms insoluble threads that reinforce the platelet plug.

Question 12

A patient with a high white blood cell count after surgery is most likely experiencing which of the following?

Accepted Answer

Leukocytosis

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of eosinophils?

Accepted Answer

Attack parasitic worms and phagocytize antibody-antigen complexes

Question 14

A patient with hemophilia A is deficient in which clotting factor?

Accepted Answer

Factor VIII

Question 15

Which of the following best explains why a person with only one sickle cell gene has increased resistance to malaria?

Accepted Answer

Their red blood cell membranes leak potassium, which kills the malaria parasite.

Question 16

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin in the clotting cascade?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{Prothrombin} + \mathrm{Prothrombinase} + \mathrm{Ca}^{2+} \rightarrow \mathrm{Thrombin}$

Question 17

A patient with a history of deep vein thrombosis is prescribed low-dose aspirin. What is the mechanism by which aspirin helps prevent further clot formation?

Accepted Answer

It blocks the synthesis of thromboxane A2, reducing platelet aggregation.

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the fate of iron from the breakdown of hemoglobin?

Accepted Answer

It is transported in the blood attached to transferrin and stored in the liver, muscle, or spleen.

Question 19

A patient receives a transfusion of incompatible blood. Which of the following is the most likely immediate consequence?

Accepted Answer

Agglutination and hemolysis of the donor red blood cells

Question 20

Which of the following best explains the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of blood clotting?

Accepted Answer

The extrinsic pathway is triggered by tissue factor released from damaged tissues, while the intrinsic pathway is triggered by damage to the endothelium and exposure of collagen.

Chapter 19: The Cardiovascular System – Blood

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