Q: Joe’s end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 125 mL and his end-systolic volume (ESV) is 40 mL. What is his stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 125\,\text{mL} - 40\,\text{mL} = 85\,\text{mL}$$

Q: Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating mean arterial pressure ($$MAP$$)?

$$MAP = \text{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(\text{Systolic Pressure} - \text{Diastolic Pressure})$$

Q: If capillary hydrostatic pressure ($$CHP) is 35 mm Hg $$and blood colloid osmotic pressure ($$BCOP) is 25 mm Hg at $$the arterial end of a capillary, what is the net filtration pressure ($$NFP$$)?

$$NFP = CHP - BCOP = 35\,\text{mm Hg} - 25\,\text{mm Hg} = 10\,\text{mm Hg}$$

Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the pericardial fluid found in the pericardial cavity?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the heart and pericardial surfaces during each heartbeat.

Question 2

A patient presents with fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity, restricting heart movement. What is the most likely diagnosis?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac tamponade

Question 3

Which layer of the heart wall is responsible for the contractile force that pumps blood and contains concentric layers of cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

Myocardium

Question 4

During ventricular systole, which valves are open and which are closed?

Accepted Answer

AV valves are closed; semilunar valves are open.

Question 5

Which of the following equations correctly calculates cardiac output ($$CO$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$CO = HR 	imes SV$$

Question 6

Joe’s end-diastolic volume (EDV) is 125 mL and his end-systolic volume (ESV) is 40 mL. What is his stroke volume ($$SV$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$SV = EDV - ESV = 125\,	ext{mL} - 40\,	ext{mL} = 85\,	ext{mL}$$

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the left ventricle is correct?

Accepted Answer

It has a thicker wall than the right ventricle because it must generate higher pressure to pump blood through the systemic circuit.

Question 8

Which of the following is a major risk factor for arteriosclerosis?

Accepted Answer

High blood pressure

Question 9

A patient’s ECG shows a prolonged P–R interval (\u003e200 msec). What does this most likely indicate?

Accepted Answer

Damage to the conducting pathways or AV node

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why tetanic contractions cannot occur in cardiac muscle?

Accepted Answer

Cardiac muscle cells have a long action potential and refractory period that continues into relaxation.

Question 11

Which of the following is the correct formula for calculating mean arterial pressure ($$MAP$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$MAP = 	ext{Diastolic Pressure} + \frac{1}{3}(	ext{Systolic Pressure} - 	ext{Diastolic Pressure})$$

Question 12

If capillary hydrostatic pressure ($$CHP) is 35 mm Hg $$and blood colloid osmotic pressure ($$BCOP) is 25 mm Hg at $$the arterial end of a capillary, what is the net filtration pressure ($$NFP$$)?

Accepted Answer

$$NFP = CHP - BCOP = 35\,	ext{mm Hg} - 25\,	ext{mm Hg} = 10\,	ext{mm Hg}$$

Question 13

Which of the following best describes the effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart?

Accepted Answer

It increases heart rate by increasing the rate of depolarization in pacemaker cells.

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the relationship between vessel diameter and vascular resistance?

Accepted Answer

Resistance decreases as vessel diameter increases, following $$R = \frac{1}{r^4$}.$$

Question 15

Which of the following is a consequence of a rapid heart rate (tachycardia) on cardiac output?

Accepted Answer

It may decrease cardiac output because there is less time for ventricular filling during diastole.

Question 16

Which of the following best describes the function of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle tissue?

Accepted Answer

They allow direct electrical connections between cells, enabling the heart to contract as a functional syncytium.

Question 17

Which of the following hormones is released in response to high blood pressure and volume, and acts to decrease both?

Accepted Answer

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Question 18

Which of the following best explains why blood flow is slowest in the capillaries?

Accepted Answer

Capillaries have the smallest diameter, increasing resistance and allowing time for exchange between blood and interstitial fluid.

Question 19

Which of the following is a direct effect of baroreceptor activation in response to increased blood pressure?

Accepted Answer

Decreased heart rate and vasodilation via activation of the cardioinhibitory center

Question 20

Which of the following best describes the role of chemoreceptors in cardiovascular regulation?

Accepted Answer

They respond to changes in carbon dioxide, oxygen, and pH, triggering adjustments in cardiovascular and respiratory activity.

Chapter 19: The Heart and Cardiovascular Function – Structured Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards