Question 1

Which of the following best describes an element in the context of chemistry?

Accepted Answer

A unique substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means.

Question 2

What is the primary reason why energy conversions in biological systems are never 100% efficient?

Accepted Answer

Some energy is always lost as heat during conversion.

Question 3

Which property of water allows it to absorb and release large amounts of heat with only a slight change in its own temperature?

Accepted Answer

High heat capacity

Question 4

A sodium atom ($\mathrm{Na}$) loses one electron to become $\mathrm{Na^+}$. What type of bond will it most likely form with a chlorine atom ($\mathrm{Cl}$) that gains an electron?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond

Question 5

Which of the following best explains why water is a polar molecule?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are shared unequally between oxygen and hydrogen atoms.

Question 6

Which of the following is a correct representation of a dehydration synthesis reaction?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{Monosaccharide} + \mathrm{Monosaccharide} \rightarrow \mathrm{Disaccharide} + \mathrm{H_2O}$

Question 7

A solution has a pH of 3. Which of the following statements is true about this solution?

Accepted Answer

It has a high concentration of $\mathrm{H^+}$ ions and is acidic.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT a property of enzymes?

Accepted Answer

They are consumed during the reaction.

Question 9

Which of the following best describes the structure of a nucleotide?

Accepted Answer

A nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group

Question 10

Which of the following molecules is the primary energy carrier in cells?

Accepted Answer

Adenosine triphosphate ($\mathrm{ATP}$)

Question 11

A patient is suffering from heavy metal poisoning, which causes denaturation of proteins. What is the most likely consequence at the cellular level?

Accepted Answer

Loss of enzyme function due to unfolding of their 3D structure

Question 12

Which of the following is a correct statement about phospholipids?

Accepted Answer

They are the chief component of cell membranes.

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of buffers in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

Minimizing changes in $[\mathrm{H^+}]$ and $[\mathrm{OH^-}]$ concentrations

Question 14

Which of the following is a correct comparison between globular and fibrous proteins?

Accepted Answer

Globular proteins are functional and spherical, while fibrous proteins are structural and strand-like.

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the difference between a condensation (dehydration synthesis) and a hydrolysis reaction?

Accepted Answer

Condensation joins molecules and releases water; hydrolysis breaks molecules and consumes water.

Question 16

Which of the following is true about the pH scale?

Accepted Answer

A solution with pH 7 has equal concentrations of $\mathrm{H^+}$ and $\mathrm{OH^-}$ ions.

Question 17

Which of the following is a correct statement about triglycerides?

Accepted Answer

They are formed by bonding three fatty acids to a glycerol molecule via dehydration synthesis.

Question 18

Which of the following is a correct description of the role of enzymes in chemical reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy required for the reaction.

Question 19

Which of the following is a correct statement about nucleic acids?

Accepted Answer

DNA contains the nitrogenous base thymine, while RNA contains uracil instead.

Question 20

A patient is found to have a deficiency in vitamin D. Which class of biomolecules does vitamin D belong to?

Accepted Answer

Lipid-soluble vitamins

Chapter 2: Chemistry and Biochemistry (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

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