Question 1

Which subatomic particle determines the atomic number and thus the chemical properties of an element?

Accepted Answer

Proton

Question 2

A sodium atom loses one electron to become a sodium ion (Na⁺). What type of chemical bond is formed when it associates with a chloride ion (Cl⁻) in table salt?

Accepted Answer

Ionic bond

Question 3

Which of the following best describes a polar covalent bond?

Accepted Answer

Electrons are shared unequally, resulting in partial charges

Question 4

Water is considered a universal solvent because:

Accepted Answer

It forms hydration spheres around ions and polar molecules

Question 5

Which equation correctly represents the hydrolysis of sucrose?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{Sucrose} + \mathrm{H}_2\mathrm{O} \rightarrow \mathrm{Glucose} + \mathrm{Fructose}$

Question 6

A solution with a pH of 4 has a hydrogen ion concentration that is:

Accepted Answer

Higher than a solution with pH 7

Question 7

Which of the following is a function of triglycerides in the human body?

Accepted Answer

Energy storage, insulation, and protection

Question 8

What is the role of enzymes in metabolic reactions?

Accepted Answer

They lower the activation energy and speed up reactions

Question 9

Which of the following best describes a buffer system in body fluids?

Accepted Answer

It stabilizes pH by neutralizing strong acids or bases

Question 10

Which of the following is a correct complementary base pair in DNA?

Accepted Answer

Adenine–Thymine

Question 11

A patient is experiencing muscle cramps due to an electrolyte imbalance. Which ion is most likely involved?

Accepted Answer

Potassium (K$^+$)

Question 12

Which of the following statements about protein structure is correct?

Accepted Answer

Tertiary structure involves the three-dimensional folding of a single polypeptide

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of a reversible chemical reaction?

Accepted Answer

$\mathrm{A} + \mathrm{B} \rightleftharpoons \mathrm{AB}$

Question 14

Which property of water allows it to moderate temperature changes in the human body?

Accepted Answer

High heat capacity

Question 15

Which of the following best describes the process of dehydration synthesis?

Accepted Answer

Joining monomers to form polymers by removing a water molecule

Question 16

A molecule with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail is most likely a:

Accepted Answer

Phospholipid

Question 17

Which of the following is true about ATP (adenosine triphosphate)?

Accepted Answer

It is a high-energy compound used for cellular work

Question 18

Which functional group is present in all amino acids and is responsible for their acidic properties?

Accepted Answer

Carboxyl group (–COOH)

Question 19

A patient with blood pH of 7.1 is experiencing which condition?

Accepted Answer

Acidosis

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why glucose dissolves in water but does not dissociate?

Accepted Answer

Glucose is polar and forms hydration spheres, but its covalent bonds do not break

Chapter 2: The Chemical Level of Organization – Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology

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