Q: Which of the following equations is used to describe the relationship between pH, bicarbonate, and CO$$_2 in $$the blood?

$$pH = pK_a + \log_{10} \left( \frac{[HCO_3^-]}{0.03 \times P_{CO_2}} \right)$$

Question 1

Which of the following best explains why the kidneys are considered the primary route for excreting ions and water in the body?

Accepted Answer

The kidneys filter blood, selectively reabsorb water and ions, and excrete the rest as urine.

Question 2

A patient presents with muscle weakness and cardiac arrhythmias. Laboratory tests reveal elevated plasma potassium levels. Which hormone is most likely to be involved in correcting this imbalance?

Accepted Answer

Aldosterone

Question 3

Which of the following scenarios would most likely trigger the release of renin from the juxtaglomerular cells?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood pressure

Question 4

A person ingests a large amount of salt without drinking water. What is the immediate effect on extracellular fluid (ECF) osmolarity and which hormone is released in response?

Accepted Answer

ECF osmolarity increases; vasopressin is released

Question 5

Which of the following best describes the function of the loop of Henle as a countercurrent multiplier?

Accepted Answer

It actively transports solutes into the medulla, creating a gradient for water reabsorption.

Question 6

A patient with diabetes insipidus is unable to concentrate urine. Which hormone is deficient or inactive in this condition?

Accepted Answer

Vasopressin (ADH)

Question 7

Which of the following equations is used to describe the relationship between pH, bicarbonate, and CO$$_2 in $$the blood?

Accepted Answer

$$pH = pK_a + \log_{10} \left( \frac{[HCO_3^-]}{0.03 	imes P_{CO_2}} ight)$$

Question 8

Which of the following is a direct effect of angiotensin II (ANG II) on the body?

Accepted Answer

Stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex

Question 9

A patient is experiencing metabolic acidosis due to excessive production of lactic acid. Which compensatory mechanism will the body use first to correct the pH?

Accepted Answer

Increase ventilation to expel CO$$_2$$

Question 10

Which of the following best explains why aldosterone secretion increases when plasma potassium levels are high?

Accepted Answer

To stimulate potassium secretion in the distal nephron

Question 11

Which of the following is a behavioral mechanism that helps maintain salt and water balance?

Accepted Answer

Craving for salty foods when plasma Na$$^+ is $$low

Question 12

A patient with severe diarrhea is at risk for which of the following disturbances?

Accepted Answer

Decreased ECF volume and increased osmolarity

Question 13

Which of the following is a function of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?

Accepted Answer

Inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the effect of vasopressin on the collecting duct?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates the insertion of aquaporins into the apical membrane, increasing water reabsorption.

Question 15

A patient with syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH) will most likely present with which of the following laboratory findings?

Accepted Answer

Low plasma osmolarity and concentrated urine

Question 16

Which of the following is the primary buffer system in the extracellular fluid?

Accepted Answer

Bicarbonate (HCO$$_3^-)$$

Question 17

Which of the following best describes the effect of hypoventilation on blood pH?

Accepted Answer

It decreases blood pH, causing acidosis.

Question 18

Which of the following is a direct renal response to metabolic acidosis?

Accepted Answer

Increased reabsorption of HCO$$_3^-$$ and secretion of H$$^+$$

Question 19

A patient is given an intravenous infusion of isotonic saline. What is the expected effect on ECF volume and osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

Increase in ECF volume with no change in osmolarity

Question 20

Which of the following best explains why dehydration increases plasma osmolarity?

Accepted Answer

Water loss exceeds solute loss, concentrating solutes in the plasma.

Chapter 20: Integrative Physiology II – Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

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