Question 1

Which of the following best describes the function of the plasma membrane in human cells?

Accepted Answer

It acts as a flexible barrier that separates intracellular fluid (ICF) from extracellular fluid (ECF) and controls what enters and leaves the cell.

Question 2

Which organelle is primarily responsible for producing ATP via aerobic respiration?

Accepted Answer

Mitochondria

Question 3

A red blood cell is placed in a hypertonic solution. What is the expected outcome?

Accepted Answer

The cell will shrink due to water leaving the cell (crenation).

Question 4

Which type of membrane transport requires energy in the form of ATP and moves substances against their concentration gradient?

Accepted Answer

Active transport

Question 5

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 6

Which of the following is a function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins received from the rough ER

Question 7

What is the main difference between passive and active transport across the plasma membrane?

Accepted Answer

Active transport requires energy (ATP) and moves substances against their concentration gradient, while passive transport does not require energy and moves substances down their concentration gradient.

Question 8

Which organelle contains digestive enzymes and is responsible for breaking down waste materials and cellular debris?

Accepted Answer

Lysosome

Question 9

Which process describes the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to high solute concentration?

Accepted Answer

Osmosis

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the role of ribosomes in the cell?

Accepted Answer

They are the site of protein synthesis.

Question 11

A cell is exposed to a toxin that inhibits the function of aquaporins. What is the most likely effect on the cell?

Accepted Answer

Decreased water movement across the plasma membrane

Question 12

Which of the following statements about the cell theory is correct?

Accepted Answer

Cells are the structural and functional unit of life.

Question 13

Which type of endocytosis involves the cell engulfing large particles such as bacteria by forming pseudopods?

Accepted Answer

Phagocytosis

Question 14

Which of the following is true regarding the structure of chromatin?

Accepted Answer

Chromatin consists of DNA wrapped around histone proteins.

Question 15

Which phase of mitosis is characterized by the alignment of chromosomes along the cell's equator?

Accepted Answer

Metaphase

Question 16

What is the correct sequence of events in protein synthesis from DNA to final protein product?

Accepted Answer

Transcription → Translation → Protein modification in Golgi apparatus

Question 17

Which of the following equations correctly represents the conversion of hydrogen peroxide to water by catalase in peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

$2H_2O_2 \rightarrow 2H_2O + O_2$

Question 18

Which of the following best describes the role of tRNA during translation?

Accepted Answer

tRNA carries amino acids to the ribosome and matches its anticodon to the mRNA codon.

Question 19

A patient with Tay-Sachs disease lacks a lysosomal enzyme needed to break down glycolipids in brain cells. What is the consequence of this deficiency?

Accepted Answer

Accumulation of glycolipids interferes with nervous system function.

Question 20

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle is considered the most important for determining whether a cell will proceed to division?

Accepted Answer

G1 checkpoint (restriction point)

Chapter 3: Cells – The Living Units (Anatomy & Physiology Study Notes)

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