Question 1

Which of the following best describes the Central Dogma of molecular biology as it applies to cellular function?

Accepted Answer

DNA → RNA → Protein

Question 2

A red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution such as distilled water. What is the most likely outcome, and why?

Accepted Answer

The cell will swell and may lyse because water enters the cell.

Question 3

Which organelle is responsible for the initial folding and quality control of newly synthesized proteins?

Accepted Answer

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 4

What is the correct equation for cellular respiration, and which organelle performs this process?

Accepted Answer

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$ + 6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 + 6H_2O + ATP$$; mitochondria

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a function of the cytoskeleton?

Accepted Answer

Synthesizing lipids

Question 6

A patient receives an IV solution that is hypertonic compared to their blood plasma. What is the most likely effect on their red blood cells?

Accepted Answer

Cells will shrink due to water loss

Question 7

Which of the following best explains why mitochondria are essential for protein synthesis?

Accepted Answer

They provide ATP required for all steps of protein synthesis

Question 8

Which of the following is a key difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Accepted Answer

Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus containing linear DNA

Question 9

A mutation in the gene coding for a lysosomal enzyme leads to its absence. Which clinical condition is most likely to result?

Accepted Answer

Lysosomal storage disorder (e.g., Tay-Sachs disease)

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the function of the Na⁺/K⁺ pump?

Accepted Answer

It moves 3 Na⁺ out of the cell and 2 K⁺ in using 1 ATP

Question 11

Which of the following structures increases surface area for absorption but does NOT contain microtubules or move?

Accepted Answer

Microvilli

Question 12

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Accepted Answer

S phase

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct sequence for the protein synthesis pathway in a eukaryotic cell?

Accepted Answer

Nucleus → Ribosome → Rough ER → Golgi → Destination

Question 14

Which of the following is a function of peroxisomes?

Accepted Answer

Detoxification of harmful substances

Question 15

A cell is unable to clear mucus from its surface, leading to chronic lung infections. Which structure is most likely dysfunctional?

Accepted Answer

Cilia

Question 16

Which of the following best describes apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Programmed cell death for removing damaged or unneeded cells

Question 17

Which checkpoint in the cell cycle ensures that all chromosomes are properly attached to spindle fibers before proceeding with anaphase?

Accepted Answer

M (spindle) checkpoint

Question 18

Which of the following is a key function of the Golgi apparatus?

Accepted Answer

Packaging proteins into vesicles for transport

Question 19

Which of the following is a clinical consequence of loss of apoptosis?

Accepted Answer

Cancer due to uncontrolled cell division

Question 20

Which codon serves as the universal start signal for translation, and what amino acid does it code for?

Accepted Answer

AUG; Methionine

Chapter 3: Cells – The Living Units (Bio 230: Intro to Anatomy) Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions