Question 1

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones such as insulin

Question 2

A patient suffers a fracture in the femur. Based on bone classification by shape, the femur is best described as which type of bone?

Accepted Answer

Long bone

Question 3

Which of the following correctly matches a bone type with an example?

Accepted Answer

Flat bone – Sternum

Question 4

Which structure is found at the end of a long bone and is responsible for reducing friction and absorbing shock at joints?

Accepted Answer

Articular cartilage

Question 5

The bone matrix is primarily composed of which two substances?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers and hydroxyapatite

Question 6

Arrange the following bone cells in the correct order of differentiation, starting from the least to the most mature: osteocyte, osteoprogenitor cell, osteoblast, osteoclast.

Accepted Answer

Osteoprogenitor cell → Osteoblast → Osteocyte → Osteoclast

Question 7

Which bone cell is primarily responsible for bone resorption, and what is the main function of this process?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; breaking down bone matrix to release calcium ions

Question 8

Which of the following best describes the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone is dense and forms the outer layer of bones, while spongy bone is porous and found mainly at the ends of long bones.

Question 9

A surgeon is scraping the outer surface of a bone during a procedure. Which membrane is she most likely interacting with?

Accepted Answer

Periosteum

Question 10

Ossification is best defined as:

Accepted Answer

The process of bone formation from pre-existing connective tissue

Question 11

Which type of ossification is responsible for the formation of most bones below the skull, and what is the initial tissue replaced?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification; hyaline cartilage

Question 12

During endochondral ossification, which two types of bone growth occur, and what do they result in?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth increases bone length; appositional growth increases bone diameter

Question 13

A 65-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following best describes this condition?

Accepted Answer

A disease characterized by decreased bone mass and increased risk of fractures

Question 14

Which hormone increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclast activity, and what is the formula for the change in calcium concentration if 10 mg/dL is released from bone into 5 L of blood?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone (PTH); $$\Delta [Ca$$^{2+}$$] = \frac{10\ \mathrm{mg}}{5\ \mathrm{L}} = 2\ \mathrm{mg/L}$$

Question 15

A child is born with a defect in intramembranous ossification. Which bone is most likely to be affected?

Accepted Answer

Parietal bone of the skull

Question 16

A patient with abnormally high calcitonin levels would most likely experience which of the following effects?

Accepted Answer

Decreased blood calcium levels due to increased calcium deposition in bone

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios best illustrates the role of the periosteum in bone repair after a fracture?

Accepted Answer

The periosteum provides osteoprogenitor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts to form new bone tissue at the fracture site.

Question 18

A 12-year-old is experiencing rapid growth in height. Which region of the long bone is primarily responsible for this increase, and what type of growth is occurring?

Accepted Answer

Epiphyseal plate; interstitial growth

Question 19

Which of the following best explains why osteoporosis is more common in postmenopausal women?

Accepted Answer

Decreased estrogen levels reduce inhibition of osteoclast activity, leading to increased bone resorption

Question 20

A patient with a genetic defect that prevents the formation of hydroxyapatite would most likely exhibit which of the following symptoms?

Accepted Answer

Bones that are flexible and unable to support body weight

Chapter 6: Bone Structure and Function – Guided Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards