Question 1

Which of the following best describes the role of osteoclasts in bone physiology?

Accepted Answer

They break down bone matrix using acids and enzymes, releasing minerals into the blood.

Question 2

A patient presents with a compound fracture of the femur. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding this injury?

Accepted Answer

The broken bone has penetrated through the skin, increasing the risk of infection.

Question 3

Which hormone would be secreted in response to low blood calcium levels, and what is one of its effects?

Accepted Answer

Parathyroid hormone; increases osteoclast activity

Question 4

Which of the following best explains why weight-bearing exercise is recommended to maintain bone density in older adults?

Accepted Answer

It stimulates osteoblast activity, promoting bone formation and increasing bone mass.

Question 5

Which of the following sequences correctly represents the steps in bone fracture repair?

Accepted Answer

Fracture hematoma → Callus formation → Spongey bone formation → Compact bone formation

Question 6

A 65-year-old woman is diagnosed with osteoporosis. Which of the following best describes the underlying pathology?

Accepted Answer

Loss of bone mass and structural integrity, increasing fracture risk

Question 7

Which of the following statements about the periosteum is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

It contains an outer fibrous layer and an inner cellular layer with osteoblasts and osteoprogenitor cells.

Question 8

Which process is responsible for the lengthening of long bones during childhood and adolescence?

Accepted Answer

Interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plates

Question 9

Which of the following best distinguishes ossification from calcification?

Accepted Answer

Ossification is the process of forming bone, while calcification is the deposition of calcium salts in tissue.

Question 10

A child has a genetic defect that prevents the formation of Sharpey's (perforating) fibers. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Tendons will not be able to anchor securely into bone, reducing the effectiveness of muscle leverage.

Question 11

Which of the following is TRUE regarding the structure of flat bones?

Accepted Answer

They consist of two layers of compact bone with an inner layer of spongey bone called diploë.

Question 12

Which bone cell type is derived from the macrophage family and is responsible for bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast

Question 13

A patient has a tumor that causes excessive secretion of calcitonin. Which of the following would most likely be observed?

Accepted Answer

Decreased osteoclast activity and increased calcium excretion by the kidneys

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the difference between endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Accepted Answer

Endochondral ossification replaces a cartilage model with bone, while intramembranous ossification forms bone directly from mesenchymal tissue.

Question 15

Which of the following equations best represents the percentage of calcium in bone mass if a bone weighs 100 g and contains 39 g of calcium?

Accepted Answer

$$\frac{39}{100} 	imes 100\% = 39\%$$

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

Production of hormones such as insulin

Question 17

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in pathological calcification?

Accepted Answer

Calcium deposition in the walls of blood vessels

Question 18

Which of the following best describes appositional growth in bones?

Accepted Answer

It increases the diameter of bones by adding new bone tissue to the outer surface.

Question 19

A patient with chronic kidney disease has low levels of calcitriol. Which of the following is a likely consequence?

Accepted Answer

Decreased intestinal absorption of calcium, leading to hypocalcemia

Question 20

Which of the following statements about osteocytes is CORRECT?

Accepted Answer

They are mature bone cells that reside in lacunae and maintain bone matrix.

Chapter 6: Bones and Bone Structure – Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions