Question 1

Which of the following best describes the main difference between compact (cortical) bone and spongy (cancellous) bone in terms of structure and function?

Accepted Answer

Compact bone consists of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal, providing strength and support, while spongy bone is composed of trabeculae and spicules, providing strength with minimal weight.

Question 2

A patient presents with soft, deformed bones due to a mineral deficiency. Which disease is most likely, and what is the primary mineral involved?

Accepted Answer

Rickets; calcium

Question 3

Which of the following equations correctly represents the main inorganic component of bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

$$\mathrm{Ca_5$(PO_4$)_3(OH)}$$

Question 4

Which bone cell type is primarily responsible for bone resorption and what is unique about its origin?

Accepted Answer

Osteoclast; derived from the same stem cells as macrophages

Question 5

A child suffers a fracture at the epiphyseal plate. What is the likely consequence if the injury is not properly treated?

Accepted Answer

Impaired bone lengthening due to damage to the cartilage growth zone

Question 6

Which of the following best explains why weight-bearing exercise increases bone strength?

Accepted Answer

It increases osteoblast activity, leading to greater bone deposition than breakdown.

Question 7

Which structure allows for the passage of nutrients and signals between osteocytes in compact bone?

Accepted Answer

Canaliculi

Question 8

A patient with brittle bone disease (osteogenesis imperfecta) most likely has a defect in which component of the bone matrix?

Accepted Answer

Collagen

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a function of the skeletal system?

Accepted Answer

Synthesis of vitamin D

Question 10

Which of the following best describes the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

A fibrous sheath covering most of the bone, containing an outer collagen layer and an inner osteogenic layer

Question 11

Which of the following statements about bone marrow is correct?

Accepted Answer

Yellow bone marrow in adults can revert to red bone marrow during severe anemia.

Question 12

Which of the following best explains the role of osteocytes in bone tissue?

Accepted Answer

They act as strain sensors and regulate bone remodeling in response to mechanical stress.

Question 13

Which of the following is a correct pairing of bone shape and example?

Accepted Answer

Flat bone – scapula

Question 14

Which of the following best describes the composition of the bone matrix by dry weight?

Accepted Answer

One-third organic, two-thirds inorganic

Question 15

Which of the following is true regarding the development and function of osteoclasts?

Accepted Answer

They are large, multinucleated cells derived from the same stem cells as macrophages and are responsible for bone resorption.

Question 16

A 30-year-old patient with chronic anemia is found to have increased red bone marrow in the femur. What is the most likely explanation?

Accepted Answer

Yellow bone marrow has transformed back to red bone marrow to increase blood cell production.

Question 17

Which of the following best explains why spongy bone is the first to be broken down by osteoclasts during periods of increased bone resorption?

Accepted Answer

Spongy bone has a greater surface area than compact bone, making it more accessible to osteoclasts.

Question 18

Which of the following is a function of the periosteum?

Accepted Answer

It isolates bone from surrounding tissues and provides a route for blood vessels and nerves.

Question 19

Which of the following best describes the arrangement of collagen fibers in the lamellae of an osteon?

Accepted Answer

Collagen fibers corkscrew down each lamella, with the helical arrangement in one lamella opposite to that in adjacent lamellae, enhancing strength.

Chapter 7: Bone (Osseous) Tissue – Structure, Function, and Histology

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