Question 1

Which of the following best describes neural plasticity and its significance in the human brain?

Accepted Answer

Plasticity is the capacity of the brain to change its structure and function in response to experience, which is essential for learning, memory, and recovery from injury.

Question 2

A patient presents with a spinal reflex after accidentally touching a hot stove. Which of the following best explains the mechanism of a spinal reflex?

Accepted Answer

A spinal reflex is an automatic response mediated by the spinal cord, bypassing the brain for rapid action.

Question 3

During embryonic development, the central nervous system (CNS) forms from a hollow tube. Which major structures appear as the CNS develops?

Accepted Answer

The CNS develops from a hollow tube, giving rise to the brain (forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain) and spinal cord.

Question 4

Which of the following correctly compares gray matter and white matter in the CNS?

Accepted Answer

Gray matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, while white matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons.

Question 5

Which bones protect the brain and spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

The skull protects the brain, and the vertebrae protect the spinal cord.

Question 6

Arrange the three layers of meninges from the bone toward the neural tissue:

Accepted Answer

Dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater

Question 7

Which statement best describes the composition and function of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

Accepted Answer

CSF is similar to plasma but has lower protein and ion concentrations; it cushions the brain, removes waste, and provides a stable environment.

Question 8

A physician needs to obtain a sample of CSF for diagnostic purposes. Which procedure is most commonly used?

Accepted Answer

A lumbar puncture (spinal tap) is performed to collect CSF from the subarachnoid space.

Question 9

Which of the following molecules can readily cross the blood-brain barrier?

Accepted Answer

Lipid-soluble molecules such as oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 10

Which two brain areas lack a blood-brain barrier, and why is this significant?

Accepted Answer

The hypothalamus and vomiting center (area postrema), to allow monitoring of blood composition and triggering protective responses.

Question 11

A patient experiences hypoglycemia and hypoxia. What is the likely effect on the CNS?

Accepted Answer

The CNS will suffer impaired function, potentially leading to confusion, loss of consciousness, or permanent damage.

Question 12

Which of the following correctly lists the four regions of the spinal cord?

Accepted Answer

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral

Question 13

Which major divisions comprise the brain?

Accepted Answer

Cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

Question 14

Which statement best describes the function of the thalamus?

Accepted Answer

The thalamus is a relay station that receives, processes, and transmits sensory information to the cerebral cortex, and can modify information passing through it.

Question 15

The two hemispheres of the cerebrum are connected at the ________________ _________________.

Accepted Answer

Corpus callosum

Question 16

Which of the following best explains the adaptive significance of the intricate folding of the surface of the cerebrum?

Accepted Answer

Folding increases the surface area, allowing for more neurons and greater processing capacity within the limited volume of the skull.

Question 17

Which three major regions comprise the cerebral gray matter?

Accepted Answer

Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system

Question 18

The basal ganglia are involved with ________________.

Accepted Answer

Movement control

Question 19

Which system is primarily responsible for modulating levels of consciousness in the brain?

Accepted Answer

Reticular activating system

Question 20

A patient with damage to Broca’s area is most likely to experience which condition?

Accepted Answer

Broca’s aphasia, characterized by difficulty producing speech but preserved comprehension.

Chapter 9: Central Nervous System and Brain Function – Guided Study Notes

Study Guide - Practice Questions

Study Guide - Flashcards